340 ANIMAL MOTIVES AND 



3. Maternal or parental affection. 



4. Need of protection or assistance ; necessity of all 

 kinds. 



5. Love of life. 



6. Sense of danger. 



7. Desire for pleasure or self-gratification, including 

 frequently the gratification of mere momentary desire. 



8. Temptation. 



9. Hope or anticipation of reward, benefit, or attention. 



10. Dread of pain, fear of punishment included. 



11. Gratitude, and the sense of benefit or advantage. 



12. Love of society or companionship, including attach- 

 ment to man. 



13. Love of approbation. 



We experience no difficulty in understanding how hunger, 

 or maternal love, should be a cause or source of daring or 

 boldness even in timid animals ; how gratitude should lead 

 to attachment to man ; how ill-usage should beget antipathy 

 or fear, and these feelings lead to desertion of a master ; 

 how dread of punishment, of dismissal from a master's home, 

 or of being left behind, should induce the dog or cat to seek 

 safety in flight, or to resort to various ingenious devices for 

 circumventing man ; how fear of capture of themselves, or 

 their young, should cause various birds to have recourse to 

 successful ruses. All these and many others are common 

 and easily appreciable motives or incitements to action in the 

 dog and other animals. 



It has here to be remarked that, on the one hand, the 

 same motive in different animals, or even in the same 

 animal at different times, may produce very different lines of 

 action just as is the case in man ; while, on the other, the 

 same course of action or behaviour may be determined by 

 the most diverse motives. For instance, hunger or maternal 

 love gives rise to a great diversity of conduct, while friend- 

 ship for man is determined by many motives both selfish 

 and unselfish. 



It is equally noteworthy that, as in man, certain motives 

 or feelings are apt to dominate for the moment over others, 

 the result being determined by the character of that which 



