UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN LANGUAGE. 347 



4. Signals of eye, look, action, including those which 

 are called secret which are preconcerted by and between, 

 and understood only to, the animal and its master. 



5. Hints verbal or other. 



6. Instructions or directions, orders or commands, in- 

 cluding explanations and suggestions verbal or other. 



7. Preparations for food, punishment, exercise, going to 

 church. 



8. Games and sports. 



9. Negatives and affirmatives refusal and permission 

 and the various modes of expressing them, including the 

 head-nod and shake. 



10. Praise and blame, and their degrees, including en- 

 couragement, and the reverse reproach or condemnation. 



11. Pleasure or gratification, and their opposites anger 

 or displeasure. 



12. Esteem and contempt. 



13. Tempers, moods, or humours. 



14. Wishes, wants, or desires. 



15. Intentions, designs, purposes, aims, objects, plans. 



16. Invitations and proposals. 



17. Promises. 



18. Threats or menaces. 



19. Oaths and abuse. 



20. Irony, sarcasm, or sneers. 



21. Fun and earnest pretence and reality. 



22. News. 



23. Emotions or feelings such as grief, pity, love. 

 There would even appear to be a certain kind or degree of 



24. Divination or prescience of man's very thoughts even, 

 when unexpressed in any way, or at least not voluntarily 

 and consciously expressed. 



Certain dogs form the most correct and shrewd guesses 

 at what man is thinking of or contemplating for instance, 

 when it refers to their probable or possible punishment for 

 misdemeanour. But in such cases the result depends no 

 doubt on keenness of observation, long experience, sagacious 

 reflection, rapid inference, with a vivid sense of guilt and of 

 personal interest in results. 



