CHAPTER XXI. 



ORGANISATIONS. 



THE power and practice of organisation among the lower 

 animals includes a whole series of phenomena of the highest 

 interest phenomena that involve the possession and applica- 

 tion, or exhibition, of the highest mental and moral faculties. 

 Such phenomena are 



1. Forms of government. 



2. Kespect for, and submission or obedience to, consti- 

 tuted authority. 



3. The supremacy of strength, bodily or mental, or both 

 conjoined, including the perception, recognition, and appre- 

 ciation of superiority. 



4. Union, combination, co-operation, concerted action for 

 specific purposes, including compacts or agreements, and alli- 

 ances or associations, offensive, defensive, or otherwise. 



5. Division of labour, including taking turn in duty or 

 playing parts in a performance. 



6. Method, order or orderliness, regularity or system, in- 

 cluding the classification of ranks, castes or clans in society ; 

 with promotion and deposition. 



7. The force of discipline. 



Writers on the habits of the lower animals have described 

 various systems of government as existing among them, in- 

 cluding the following : 



1. The monarchical. Among certain animals there are 

 kings and queens, with all the paraphernalia of royalty, such 

 as 



cu Eoyal chambers or apartments. 



