380 ORGANISATIONS. 



stantinople, camels, deer, oxen, mules, sheep, elephants,, 

 buffalo, ass, kangaroo, goats, certain of the Quadrumana 

 (such as the siamaiig gorilla, spider, howling, araguata, gue- 

 reza, and other monkeys), cranes, swallows, cocks and hens. 

 These leaders are, as a general rule, males of middle age, 

 sometimes elderly or old, possessing the following qualifica- 

 tions for office : 



1. Physical superiority; they are usually or frequently 

 above the average in size and strength, being vigorous, ro- 

 bust, active, agile animals, that have proved themselves 

 successful in combat and otherwise. 



2. Mental superiority. They are distinguished, more- 

 over, for their courage, cautiousness, sagacity, power of com- 

 mand, ability to act in emergency, so as to protect, defend, or 

 direct their followers ; for their experience ; special know- 

 ledge of enemies or of ground ; power of self-control, espe- 

 cially of control of temper; interest in the common weal; 

 enterprise ; ingenuity and perseverance in the overcoming of 

 difficulties in other words, adaptiveness. 



This superiority is conjunct, physical and mental ; for a 

 merely huge strong animal, without the requisite intelligence 

 to adapt its strength to circumstances, would be useless as a 

 leader. But the superiority of the chief is, as a rule, of such 

 a character as to be conspicuous, and to command or secure 

 on that account confidence on the one hand, and respect on 

 the other. Confidence and respect in their turn beget obedi- 

 ence or submissiveness, so that, while all animals that possess 

 leaders follow their lead both literally and figuratively, some 

 do so only too implicitly for instance, in the case of sheep 

 that rush after their bell-wether to their own wholesale de- 

 struction. 



Generally speaking, leaders are of the same species as the 

 animals they command ; belong, perhaps, to the same small 

 family or group, as in the case of certain patriarchs or mere 

 heads of families or tribes. But in other cases, the chief 

 belongs to a different species or genus, and this category 

 includes omnipotent man. Thus the axis deer sometimes 

 leads c mobs ' of kangaroos in Australia. ' The donkey in the 

 district of Smyrna, in Broussa, and the Asiatic Olympus, in 



