388 ORGANISATIONS. 



illustrated in the appointment from among members of a 

 community of 



1. Sentinels, sentries, vedettes, outposts, patrols, guards, 

 or watchmen of all kinds. 



2. Soldiers, labourers, or artisans, nurses or foragers. 



3. Different ranks of officers among their soldiers, in- 

 cluding generals, aides-de-camp, and adjutants. 



4. Delegates, ambassadors, or other forms of representa- 

 tives or reporters, spies, scouts, commissioners, pioneers. 



5. Officers of justice including executioners, advocates, 

 judges and jury. 



6. Royal personages, with their officers or courtiers, 

 bodyguard, and other attendants 



7. As well as in the relative duties or occupations of male 

 and female parents, and 



8. In the appropriate and harmonious playing of its 

 part by each individual of the group. 



Such appointments imply, in certain cases at least, the 

 assignation of a special duty to each of a group of animals, 

 there being evidence further that there is frequently an 

 adaptation of the special work to be performed to the special 

 ability of a given individual to perform it. 



Sentinels or guards are regularly posted at appropriate 

 times and places by a large number of animals including 

 the prairie dog (Gillmore, Houzeau), wild horse (Watson), 

 swan (Watson), cockatoo of Australia (Baden Powell), rooks 

 (Watson), silver-eye (bird) of New Zealand (Buller), fla- 

 mingo, shag, and many other birds (' Percy Anecdotes ' ), 

 zebra (Baird), whistler marmot (Watson), common marmot 

 (Wood), Calif ornian quail as naturalised in New Zealand 

 (Tinne), moufflon and other sheep (Youatt and Watson), 

 Alpine marmot (Baird and Houzeau), certain monkeys 

 (Cassell), Greenland and other seals (Cunningham), wild 

 African cattle, bobac (Watson), chamois and other antelopes 

 (Watson and Baker), guanaco (Darwin), Texan and other 

 ants (Darwin, Huber, Figuier), certain wasps (Kirby, Speiice, 

 and Wood). 



These guardians of the public safety are appointed 

 usually for some of the following reasons, or under some of 

 the following circumstances : 



