394 ORGANISATIONS. 



instance, in the case of the street dogs of Constantinople, 

 whose clans, castes, factions, or tribes resemble in many 

 respects the human clans among the Scotch Highlanders 

 prior to, and even during, the eighteenth century. Among 

 these Eastern dogs of the present day ' hostile factions ' 

 fight out their feuds at night, when the streets are deserted 

 by mankind. But an ' injury, however well deserved, in- 

 flicted upon an individual is taken up with great esprit de 

 corps as a common cause by a whole clan.' 



As in man, specialisation of work has its disadvantages. 

 Thus Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, says, ' An exceedingly 

 good sheep-dog attends to nothing else but that particular 

 branch of business to which he is bred. His whole capacity 

 is exerted and exhausted on it.' One result of this is, that 

 though he may do the one thing well, ' he is of little avail 

 in miscellaneous matters, whereas a very indifferent cur 

 bred about the house and accustomed to assist in everything 

 will often put the more noble breed to disgrace in those 

 paltry services.' In other words, the nondescript or mongrel 

 cur, untrained hanger-on, is really more ' generally useful,' 

 both to itself and to man, than the highly-bred, specially- 

 trained collie a fact calculated to be comforting to human 

 as well as animal mediocrity. 



Co-operation with man is more or less familiar in the case 

 of the dog, horse, ass, mule, elephant, cow, monkey, fishing 

 cormorant, falcon, and a host of other animals that minister 

 to his comforts or pleasures. These animals become man's 

 confederates, accomplices, partners, associates for instance, 

 in 



1. Various industrial or other labours, such as 



a. Dragging or drawing the plough, cart, or car- 



riage. 



b. Acting as beasts of burden, or 



c. As riding animals. 



2. Various forms of crime such as 



a. Theft of all kinds from shop-lifting, sheep- 



stealing, poaching, brigandage, burglary, 

 smuggling, up to highway robbery. 



b. Murder. 



