426 USE OF NATUEAL INSTEUMENTS. 



from trees at its pursuers (Biichner, Pierquin), or it makes 

 use of everything that is movable and manageable. 



Just as various animals especially the quadrumana 

 may be said to arm themselves with stones, they arm themselves 

 even in a more human fashion with sticks. They not only 

 wield them as staves, clubs, or cudgels, but first fashion 

 them of suitable size, form, and weight by stripping their 

 foliage or otherwise. The stick, indeed, is the primary 

 weapon alike of man and the quadrumana. The gorilla uses 

 a stick as a club both in attack and defence. By this means 

 it gives blows to the proboscis of the elephant (Owen). The 

 orang brandishes a stick as a weapon (Pierquin). The 

 chimpanzee arms itself with a club (Cassell). Baboons and 

 other apes defend themselves with sticks as cudgels (Biichner; 

 Cassell). The sacred ape of India carries and 'stacks arms' 

 in the form of sticks in a particular place (Houzeau). 



Sticks, however, are used for many other purposes. The 

 elephant in Burniah makes a bamboo rod by stripping a 

 bamboo stem of its leaves, and wields it in its proboscis so as 

 to knock down baskets of paddy placed by the Karens thirty 

 feet high on trees man's object being that these food stores 

 should be beyond the reach or range of the animal's unaided 

 trunk. 1 The gorilla" uses a stick as a staff to support itself 

 in walking (Owen). Certain monkeys or apes use sticks as 

 levers (Darwin). The rat leads its blind parent or compa- 

 nion by means of a piece of stick held between its teeth 

 (Watson). The chimpanzee fashions and uses its own 

 drumsticks and drum (Houzeau). 



Just as the stick is the primary weapon of savage man 

 and the anthropoid ape, a stone is the first instrument of 

 industry used by man- in the bruising or crushing of nuts 

 or grain. For similar purposes, and in similar ways, stones 

 are used by a variety of other animals. In some cases the 

 stone is taken in the paw and employed to break hard nuts 

 against some other hard substance. Thus apes take stones 

 in their hands to break nuts against walls or nails (Darwin). 

 The sacred monkey in this way also uses stones for pounding 

 serpent -fangs. The howling monkey uses stones to smash 



1 ' Graphic,' August 19, 1876, p. 175. 



