534 DECEPTION 



numerous and varied, but many of them of a high order. 

 Thus one cannot fail to discover 



1. Abstraction or generalisation in reference, for in- 

 stance, to ideas of danger. 



2. The adaptation of means to an end. 



3. A knowledge of what is advantageous to the individual 

 or those other individuals belonging to or associated with 

 the actor. Thus Mrs. Siddons' cat shammed lameness from 

 having found the pleasure of being petted in one real lame- 

 ness (Wynter) ; just as children frequently make the most of 

 trivial ailments, or invent ailments, in order to enjoy the 

 pleasures attendant upon invalidism, including idleness, ab- 

 sence from school, gifts of toys, and the creature comforts of 

 dietetic luxuries. 



4. The distinction between the spurious and the real. 



5. Imagination and! 



limitation } in ft high degree. 



7. Inventiveness. 



8. Consciousness of using deceit, as well as of being 

 deceived. 



9. Co-operation or confederacy for a common end or 

 purpose. 



Up to this point we have been considering deception by 

 animals, either of each other or of man, the said deception 

 being mainly intentional. But there are other kinds of 

 deception that claim some consideration here, though they 

 are more fully discussed in other chapters, such as those on 

 c Error ' and * Stupidity.' These are 



1. Self-deception of course unintentional ; and 



2. Deception by man, in which the lower animals are man's 

 dupes or victims, by unwarily falling into the errors to which 

 he invites them. 



Self-deception is constantly occurring no less in old than 

 in young animals, in an almost infinite variety of ways ; for 

 instance, very commonly in the form of errors of the senses, 

 or of interpretation of impressions on the senses, which im- 

 pressions require interpretation, and sometimes correction, 

 by other sensorial influences, or by the judgment and by 

 experience, as in man. 



