FRUIT PRODUCTION 219 



sale in the markets (Fig. 120, A). Peaches, plums, apples, and 

 pears should be graded according to size, color, and other 

 market features. More money is thus secured for the whole 

 crop. When large and small apples are sold in the same 

 barrel or box they bring only the price of small apples (Fig. 

 120). Grading machines are in use for sorting peaches or 

 plums into several sizes; but the hand method is most com- 

 mon. Study the figures showing methods of picking, sorting, 

 packing, and marketing. 



Summer apples keep only a short time and must be mar- 

 keted soon after they are ripe. Late fall and winter apples 

 are often stored for sale or use later in the winter. A good 

 method is to pack them in closed barrels and store in a cold 

 cellar at a temperature just a little above freezing. When 

 exposed to dry cellar air they shrivel badly. 



REVIEW. 



1. Give reasons for pruning trees. 



2. Tell what side limbs to save in pruning young trees just set in 

 the orchard. 



3. What annual pruning should be done in the orchard ? 



4. Give several rules to observe in careful pruning. 



5. Describe a good orchard site. 



6. Describe good culture methods for young orchards. 



7. What are fillers in an apple orchard ? Tell how used. 



8. Name several varieties of peaches. How many of these have 

 you seen? 



9. Name some good summer apples. Fall. Winter. How many 

 varieties do you know at sight ? 



10. Describe the hedge-row system of growing strawberries. 



11. Describe the matted-row system. 



12. In what respects is one better than the other ? 



13. What are perfect varieties of strawberries? Imperfect ? 



14. Why should the grower know to which group any variety 

 belongs? 



15. Give suggestions regarding the pruning of grapes. 



16. What pruning is done for raspberries and blackberries ? When ? 



References. U. S. Farmers' Bulletins: 154 and 727, Home Fruit 

 Garden; 181, Pruning; 471, Grapes; 482, Pears; 492, Enemies of Apple; 

 491, Apple Orchard; 631, 632, 633, Peaches; 643, Blackberries; 644, 

 Grape Juice; 664, Strawberries; 670, Field Mice; 685, Persimmons; 696, 

 Citrus Fruits; 702, Rabbits; 709, Muscadine Grapes; 710, Bridge 

 Grafting; 728, Dewberry; 763, Barkbeetles; 804, Aphids. 



