254 SCIENCE REMAKING THE WORLD 



the experiments and the difficulty of securing funds for 

 such work since its more practical bearings could not 

 be brought out in convincing fashion until the results 

 of years of research could be brought together it has 

 been carried forward by the United States Department 

 of Agriculture first under Professor Atwater and then 

 under Dr. C. F. Langworthy, and also by the Carnegie 

 Institution of Washington in its nutrition laboratory 

 under Doctor Benedict, until now the energy require- 

 ments of the normal human body for different ages, 

 sizes, and conditions of work and rest are fairly ac- 

 curately known. The number of calories expended 

 per hour by an average-sized man under various con- 

 ditions of daily living, industrial occupation, and ath- 

 letic exercise is shown in Table i, taken from the 

 author's "Chemistry of Food and Nutrition, Second 

 Edition, " in which may be found a fuller discussion of 

 the achievements here sketched in bare outline. 



TABLE I 



Hourly expenditure of energy by average-sized man (70 kilograms 

 or 154 pounds without clothing) under different conditions of ac- 

 tivity. (Approximate averages only.) 



CALORIES 



Sleeping 6070 



Awake, lying still 70-85 



Sitting at rest 100 



Standing at rest 115 



Tailoring 135 



Typewriting rapidly 140 



Bookbinding 170 



"Light exercise" (bicycle ergometer) 170 



Shoemaking 180 



Walking slowly (about 2 miles per hour) .... 200 



