MACLOSKIE: CAMPANULACE^E. 751 



DIPSACUS Linn. 



Tall biennials or perennials, rough and prickly, like thistles; with 

 unusually large leaves and blue, ^.-merous fawers, in terminal, peduncled 

 heads. Involucral bracts rigid or spiny-pointed. Involucels 4-8-ribbed. 

 Calyx-limb and corolla-limb 4-lobed. Stamens 4. 



Species 15. (Fig. in Eng. & Prantl, iv, 4, p. 183, J, K.) 



D. SILVESTRIS Huds. 



Stout prickles on stem and leaves. Leaves sessile or connate-perfoliate 

 upwards, lanceolate or oblong, or acuminate and entire at the top, toothed 

 or pinnatifid below. Scales of the receptacle straight-pointed. 



(Europe and the Orient; naturalized in N. Amer.) ; N. Patagon., 

 recently introduced and spreading rapidly over Patagon. Its roots are 

 used as a popular medicine for chest diseases ; called by the Spaniards 

 "Carda de la Sierra." The Fuller's Teasel (D. fullonum L., with hook- 

 pointed receptacular scales) is supposed to be a cultivated variety of this 

 species. 



Family 109. CAMPANULACE^:. Bellflower Family. 



Herbs (rarely tropical woody plants), with alternate, exstipulate leaves, 

 and perfect, 5-merous, sympetalous flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the 

 ovary. Corolla epigynoGs, regular or irregular. Stamens 5, filaments 

 separate or connate. Ovary 2-5-celled, with axile placenta, or rarely i- 

 celled, with parietal placentae. Style i, mostly lobed. Seeds numerous, 

 small, with endosperm. 



Species 1,500, widely distributed. 



KEY TO THE GENERA. 



A. Flowers actinomorphic. Anthers free (CAMPANULOIDE^:). Stamens epigynous, not on the 



corolla. Ovary immersed. 

 b. Filaments wide at base. Capsule globular, 2-5-valved. Flowers in cymes. 



i. Waldenbergia, p. 752. 



b2. Filaments short, hairy. Capsule prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 lateral windows. 

 Flowers axillary. 2. Legouzia (Specularid), p. 752. 



A2. Flowers zygomorphic ; synantherous, with filaments also more or less connate (LOBELIOIDE.E). 

 b. Corolla-tube open dorsally to the base. 



c. Fruit a globular, 2-celled capsule, dehiscing loculicidally, with 2 subapical valves. 

 Odd sepal dorsal. Proterandrous. 3. Lobelia, p. 753. 



