GEOGRAPHICAL BOTANY. 36'$ 



and principally the following : Aconitum and Papaver ; 

 5 European Cruciferse and Tauscheria ; Silene and Are- 

 naria ; Euta and Peganum ; Euphorbia and Phyllantlius ; 

 several Astragalaceae and Caragana ; Rosa and Crat&gm ; 

 Epilobium ; Prangos pabzdaria ; several Carduacece with 

 Centaur ea and Cicorium ; Campanula; Heliotropium and 

 Onosma ; Pedicularis, Linaria, Veronica, and Verbascum ; 

 Hyoscyamus, Samolus, Plantago, Hippophae, Humex, and 

 Polygonum ; Blitum ; Iris and Tulip a. Irwine treats fully 

 of the cultivated plants of Cabul (loc. cit.) Wheat, barley, 

 lentils, and peas are sown ; they are protected during the 

 winter by a layer of snow, and harvested in June. To the 

 summer crops, which usually require irrigation, belong 

 Phaseolus radiatus, Cicer arietinum, Panicum miliaceum 

 and Italicum, maize, and rice ; these are sown in May, and 

 harvested in the months of August and September. 

 Besides the European vegetables, Solanum melongena and 

 several Cucurbitacese are cultivated, which require much 

 manure and water. The meadows yield abundant crops 

 of hay, and contain some excellent species of trefoil : one 

 of these is denominated Trifolium giganteum ; Medicago 

 sativa is also widely diffused. The fruit trees of Cabul are 

 celebrated : in addition to the fruits of central and eastern 

 Europe, those of El&agnus (Sinjet and Sinjilla) and 

 jEdgeworthia buxifolia, one of the Theophrasteae, are 

 mentioned. 



Falconer discovered, in Cashmere, the plant yielding 

 the Costus of the ancients, a substance which still forms 

 an article of commerce in India, under the name of Koost 

 or Koot. It is obtained from the aromatic root of a new 

 alpine species of Carlina (AucMandia), which Falconer 

 has accurately described (Linnsean Trans., xix, p. 23). 

 He has also proposed there (p. 101) the Asclepiadaceous 

 genus Campelepes, from Peshawar. Falconer's so-called 

 Fothergilla, which forms large bushes in Cashmere, and 

 the wood of which, according to Yigne, is called Chob-i- 

 pan, is a new type of the Persian Parrotia (P. Jacque- 

 montiana Decs.) 



