GEOGRAPHICAL BOTANY. 375 



singly as high as 4500', and as low as 1500'. It is one 

 of the most gigantic formations of the vegetable world, 

 and attains on an average a height of 150': the stems 

 when cut down measure 15' in circumference, 12' above 

 the root; their length below the point at which they 

 branch amounts to 90' 100', and the crowns extend to 

 a height of from 50' to 80' beyond this. Cocoa palms 

 would scarcely reach as high as these crowns. Above 

 the Rosarnala-forest on Pang-Gerango, came forests of 

 Laurineae, Castanea, Oaks, Schima, and Fagraa, which 

 were far more abundantly filled with climbing plants 

 (e. g. Freycinetias and Calamus] and parasites (Orchidacese 

 and Ferns) ; and these again were succeeded by the Podo- 

 carpeae. But even beyond the limits of Podocarpus the 

 arboreal form is not wanting here, as is the case on other 

 mountains. On the summit of Pang-Gerango itself, at a 

 level of 9200', Tkibaudia vulgaris^. and an undetermined 

 dioecious plant, 30 feet in height, with various other trees, 

 form a wood abounding in Mosses, which, however, from 

 its manner of growth, appears to belong to a vigorous 

 growth of mountain pines (p. 452), although, even as far as 

 this, a slender tree-fern, Cyath&a oligocarpa, from 15' to 

 20' high (extending from 5500' 92000, is met with 

 (see Annual Report for 1841, p. 449). "But," says 

 Junghuhn, " we search in vain throughout the island for 

 another example of such a wood on a mountain-top : all 

 the mountains, far below this altitude, are either bare, 

 being covered with lava and crumbled rocks, or overgrown 

 with grass meadows of Festuca nubigena J. or with social 

 Casuarinas." Junghuhn estimated the upper forest-limit 

 on the Tjernai volcano (p. 235) at 7000'; it is formed by 

 Podocarpus imbricata Bl., and is immediately succeeded 

 by the subalpine shrubs (see preceding Ann. Report), 

 and this appears to be the general manner in which the 

 forests are distributed throughout the island. The true 

 climatic arboreal limit of Java, which is only attained on 

 the Pang-Gerango, and is here indicated by the mountain- 

 pine formation of the wood on the mountain-top, is thus 

 situated several thousands of feet higher than the apparent 



