4 MENTAL PHENOMENA IN ACEPHALOUS ANIMALS. 



Bushnan) ; mind comprehends the bodily life (Maudsley) ; 

 psychical life has no one especial centre (Lewes) ; the whole 

 nervous system is the seat or organ of mind, the brain being 

 only its chief seat or organ (Bastian). The brain, then, is 

 only one organ of inind the organ, it may be said, only of 

 special mental functions. 



The old doctrine or assumption of the phrenologists, as 

 represented by Gall and Combe, the doctrine on which they 

 have so greatly prided themselves, and foolishly continue to do 

 so that, namely, which regards the brain as the sole organ 

 of the mind must unquestionably be given up. 



We must henceforth regard the true site, seat, or organ 

 of mind as the whole body ; and this is the only sound basis 

 on which the comparative psychologist can begin his studies. 

 There would be the less difficulty in accepting such a basis 

 were it only borne in view that the muscular as well as the 

 nervous system, that muscular action, has an intimate relation 

 to mental phenomena to ideas as well as feelings. Muscular 

 action is essential in certain, if not in all, mental processes 

 e.g. in feeling or emotion. Outward muscular expression (e.g. 

 facial) and inward ideas or feelings are inseparably corre- 

 lated (Maudsley). 



Further, certain phenomena generally referred in man to 

 mind are exhibited where no brain exists, where it never has 

 existed, or where it has been removed or destroyed artifici- 

 ally or by disease. There is no brain proper in the Hymen- 

 optera, certain authors think, and yet its equivalent or ana- 

 logue executes what in man would be set down as intellectual 

 actions (Houzeau). Darwin points out the wonderful differ- 

 ence in size between what he regards as the brain of the ant 

 and that of man ; and yet, in many respects, that active, 

 intelligent little insect is man's mental superior. 



But, in order to understand the nature and variety of the 

 mental phenomena that are compatible with the absence of 

 brain in the highest animals, there is no more important sub- 

 ject of study than the actions of headless and brainless infants 

 and animals. The following must here suffice as illustra- 

 tions : 



1, In what is known to physiologists as Goltz's croaking 



