20 INSANITY IN THE LOWER ANIMALS. 



6. Mental defect or disorder in such animals as the horse, 

 ox, and dog is the source of much danger to human life, as well 

 as the cause of heavy pecuniary loss to their owners and to 

 society. 



It is, in the first place, important to realise the fact that 

 there is much f madness ' in the lower animals that is 



1. Certainly not referable to rabies. 



2. Only doubtfully referable to it (Fleming). 



3. Or only resembles it (Ramazzini). 



4. Simply the result of heat (Kamazzini). 



5. Or certainly or probably due to Anthrax (Ramazzini) . 



6. Referable to phrenitis, sturdy, distemper, worms, or 

 other bodily diseases, functional or organic. 



7. Referable to insanity, as it occurs in man, or to mere 

 ephemeral excitement not amounting to insanity. 



Just as in man, mental disorder may be primary : it may 

 itself constitute the only apparent or the chief disease, morbid 

 bodily conditions, if they exist to a demonstrable extent or in 

 appreciable form, being in all senses secondary. In other 

 words, there is decided predominance of morbid mental symp- 

 toms, to the comparative exclusion of those which are physi- 

 cal. Or on the other hand, mental disorders may be secondary 

 in every sense ; they may be merely concomitants or results 

 of, or intercurrent with, serious bodily disease of a provable 

 kind. In the one class of cases we speak of insanity being 

 idiopathicy or we restrict to that class the term insanity itself. 

 In the other class the mental epiphenomena are described as 

 symptomatic or sympathetic ; instances of which are to be 

 found in the sympathetic derangement of the functions of the 

 brain and general nervous system from digestive disorder in 

 the horse, or from the presence of worms in the intestinal 

 canal. It is quite legitimate to speak of the insanity of rabies, 

 sturdy, distemper, or other bodily diseases of the lower ani- 

 mals, as a synonym for the morbid mental phenomena which 

 usually or invariably accompany them in some or in all of 

 their stages, because these mental states are of, or in, them- 

 selves of sufficient consequence to require special study and 

 treatment. But it is certainly more convenient to restrict 

 the term insanity, which both in man and other animals is 



