INSANITY IN THE LOWEK ANIMALS. 27 



is normally stupid, or congenitally idiotic, or in a state of 

 melancholia or dementia. 



8. Confounding the stupidity arising from mere unf amili- 

 arity with man in wild animals, with that which is the result 

 of the misplaced confidence of those domestic ones that have 

 had ample experience of his treachery or cruelty. 



Even by veterinarians there is frequent confusion of other 

 diseases with insanity, or with each other ; for instance, of 



1 . Rabies, with certain forms of insanity, including 



a. Mania from intestinal worms in the dog, in 



whom the symptoms are frequently anomalous, 

 resembling those of rabies (Youatt). 



b. The phenomena of the incubation or inception 



stages of rabies with those of insanity, which 

 are frequently indistinguishable. 



2. Distemper with rabies. 



3. Typhus with rabies. 



4. Delirium, with delusion or its expressions in rabies. 



5. Epilepsy with megrims in the horse. 



In the diagnosis of human insanity, in its differentiation 

 from the diseases with which it is apt to be confounded, even 

 the experienced physician constantly encounters the same 

 kind of difficulties. Thus the professed medico-psychologist, 

 or the medico-legal expert, is constantly being puzzled 



1. To distinguish the mental confusion, excitement, 

 exhilaration, or the gait of di^unkenness from the similar men- 

 tal and motor phenomena of apoplexy, aphasia, hemiplegia, 

 paraplegia, or other diseases of the brain a feat that has so 

 frequently baffled the policemen, if not also the experienced 

 police surgeons of London and other large cities, a patient's 

 life having been not seldom the penalty of the difficulty, 

 doubt or mistake. 



2. To separate mere criminality or moral vice or vicious- 

 ness from insanity, especially from that form thereof known 

 as moral insanity ^a difficulty which some authors get over 

 by regarding all vice and crime as the outcome of mental or 

 moral defect or disorder. 



3. To differentiate the delirium of fevers, and especially 

 of drinking fever, delirium tremens^ from delusional mania. 



