92 INTOXICATION. 



A certain fox-terrier that had been itself rendered tee- 

 total by an experimental glassful of whiskey forced upon him 

 by sailors, if he saw these same ' seamen, to whom he was 

 most attached .... the worse of drink, they would not 

 dare to come near him ' while they were tipsy or drunk ; 

 for in that case, instead of avoiding them, he inflicted salu- 

 tary punishment, perhaps a justifiable, as it was a natural, 

 revenge (Mrs. Mackellar). 



On the other hand, the dog recognises the helplessness 

 and harmlessness of utter drunkenness, in which case it not 

 only does not avoid its master, but either couches itself be- 

 side him, or seeks efficient aid for his removal or protection. 



Certain animals recognise tipsiness or drunkenness also 

 in each other, or at least the eccentricities or the helpless- 

 ness to which these conditions give rise for instance, in 

 and by the Indian kite. And they either punish tipsy or 

 drunk fellows by causing them to lose caste or by more sum- 

 mary measures, or they take advantage of their disability, 

 bodily and mental, to make prey of them. 



The phenomena of alcoholic intoxication or poisoning in 

 the lower animals are produced also 



1. By the fruits or other substances from which alcohol 

 itself is prepared, such as grapes, grape refuse or grape 

 must ; and 



2. By liqueurs in which, while alcohol is the basis, there 

 are superadded drugs of a narcotic character, such as ab- 

 sinthe. 



3. By other fruits from which other forms of alcohol 

 than wine or brandy may be produced. 



4. By the nectar of various flowers, which have an in- 

 toxicant effect for instance, on bees. 



Bears and asses have become tipsy from eating grapes 

 (Chateaubriand) ; the horse, mule, ass, turkeys, and other 

 animals from overeating grape refuse ; and swine from 

 feeding on must or wort, according to Pierquin. Self-intoxi- 

 cation is produced in the South African elephant by eating 

 the ripe fruit of the umganu tree, ' of which they are pas- 

 sionately fond. . . . They become quite tipsy, staggering 

 about, playing huge antics, screaming so as to be heard miles 



