146 SUICIDE. 



purpose of deceiving and escaping or entrapping an enemy 

 for the absolute powerlessness and motionlessness of actual 

 death ; they know that mere sleep and death have certain 

 features in common, especially this same feature of immo- 

 bility. But they have to distinguish by certain practical 

 tests between real and simulated death, or between sleep 

 and death. 



The she-bear, for instance, makes use of a process of 

 experimentation to test the reality of the death of her cubs 

 (Houzeau) ; she offers them food ; leaves, and then calls 

 them ; touches them with her paws, and finds them cold, 

 rigid, motionless, indifferent ; she makes use of observation, 

 comparison, reflection, experiment. An ouistiti monkey, be- 

 reaved of its mate, caressed the body of its companion until 

 convinced of the futility of its caresses (Houzeau). 



Various animals, in their uncertainty as to whether their 

 enemy or prey is really dead, make its death a matter of 

 certainty by various means. Thus the elephant, bull or cow, 

 and dog make sure of the death of a fallen foe by trampling 

 upon him till no chance of life remains. 



In various ways certain animals show a becoming care of, 

 or respect for, their dead. The duk monkey carries off the 

 dead and wounded (Cassell). Barbary apes beg' for the 

 corpse of a killed companion, and they remove it, probably 

 for burial. Other animals also remove their dead, in all like- 

 lihood for the same purpose. For we know that some animals 

 do bury their dead, occasionally with funeral ceremonies. 

 Burial of the dead in bees and wasps with funeral ceremonies, 

 the selection of graves, committal to the earth with appro- 

 priate solemnity, tenderness, or solicitude, have all been 

 described by Watson. Funeral ceremonies of some kind 

 have also been described in various Chinese apes and in the 

 African pongo. Gorillas cover their dead (Cassell). In the 

 dog regular funeral ceremonials would appear also to take 

 place, if we are to credit such an account as the following, 

 given in the c Animal World,' a magazine that professes to 

 publish only those incidents, of the truth, genuineness or 

 authenticity of which the editor has convinced himself: 

 6 The largest and fiercest dog took the body in its mouth 



