CRIME AND CRIMINALITY. 151 



to their needs, consuming the stolen viands or building into 

 their nests the constructive materials carried off. Neverthe- 

 less various carnivorous or other animals such as the dog, 

 fox, wolf, jackal conceal surplus food bj burial a proce- 

 dure that has its analogue in the caches of meat among 

 savages. Thus the fox hides the fowls stolen one by one 

 from the farm-yard, and the dog buries the bones or meat- 

 joints it has carried off. And many other animals such as 

 the beaver (Adams and Gordon) we know, make store 

 depots of food for future use. Various birds, too, accumu- 

 late or hoard building materials for their nests (Jesse). 



In marked contrast to this species of theft is another 

 equally common kind that is perhaps of much higher prac- 

 tical interest to man, inasmuch as he frequently suffers in 

 reputation at least, and all that the loss of reputation some- 

 times brings from the pilfering propensities of such noto- 

 rious thieves as magpies, rats, and monkeys. This second 

 kind of theft consists in the abstraction of useless articles of 

 an eminently miscellaneous kind, the abstraction frequently 

 being systematic, ingenious, and carried on for long periods 

 under man's very nose, but without his knowledge, until 

 accident reveals one of the hoards of such thieves. For 

 in this kind of theft hiding and hoarding are the rule, not 

 the exception. Large accumulations are formed, and these 

 accumulations are sometimes systematically arranged, some- 

 times thrown together without any regard to order or classi- 

 fication. These two kinds of hoards may be illustrated by 

 the occasional gatherings of the rat and viscacha. 



Professor Silliman has described one of the hoards of the 

 Californian wood-rat. One of these rats, having formed its 

 nest in an empty stove in the room of a house unoccupied for 

 two years, the proprietor of the said house had. at last occa- 

 sion, in making certain repairs, to come upon the said nest, 

 and his report was as follows : ' I found the outside to be 

 composed entirely of spikes, all laid with symmetry, so as to 

 present the points of the nails outward. In the centre of this 

 mass was the nest, composed of finely divided fibres of hemp- 

 packing. Interlaced with the spikes were the following : 

 About two dozen knives, forks, and spoons, all the butcher's 



