158 CKIME AND CEIMINALITY. 



all subject animals. Ants, therefore, when they capture and 

 make slaves of other species or genera, and use these slaves 

 as nurses to their young, assist these slaves at their work, 

 thereby encouraging them, and join in their amusements, 

 thereby showing their sj^rnpathy and friendliness (Houzeau). 



Ants, like the Portuguese, make slaves of black species, 

 genera, or races ; but the treatment of slaves by the insect 

 and- human master is suggestively and strikingly different. 

 Ants and bees also capture and keep as equivalents of milk- 

 cattle, for the sake of the saccharine fluid they yield, Aphides 

 and other insects. And here, again, the treatment of the 

 servant by the master is kindly and judicious. Indeed, it is 

 difficult to believe that under any other regime could ant- 

 slaves or servants be induced to do the work they do for, or 

 confer the benefits they confer upon, their captors, consider- 

 ing the many favourable opportunities they must possess for 

 rebellion or escape, or simply for refusal to give up, even 

 to secrete, their honey dew. Questions of property in, or 

 possession of, these aphides now and then arise, are discussed, 

 and rights are disputed, contending claims being determined 

 by the power of the strongest ; in other words, the possession 

 of flocks of aphides becomes sometimes a casus belli among 

 ants (Houzeau, Figuier). 



Various animals cheat, defraud, or extort from each other 

 or man, as in the case of a toll-keeper defrauded of his toll 

 by a dog (Watson). They become traitors also to trust 

 accept bribes to neglect a duty or desert a charge. Thus 

 the fidelity of the dog is often tempted, and successfully, by 

 bribes to silence for instance, in burglary. Burglary itself 

 has been committed by the monkey, horse, dog, and cat. 

 Poaching is another form of theft not confined to man ; for 

 the cat, dog, and fox are sometimes notorious poachers. 



Rebellions against authority for instance, on the part of 

 young against that of parents or leaders, is regarded among 

 other animals, as in man, as a crime, and is punished as such. 



Many animals, from a considerable variety of motives and 

 under considerable diversity of circumstances, commit mur- 

 der. The dog, elephant, horse, pig, and other animals 

 destroy their young, each other, or man, from such motives 



