CEIME AtfD CKIMINALITY. 159 



as anger, jealousy, revenge, or from morbid impulse or appe- 

 tite, or other pathological causes or conditions. 



Certain birds for instance, Indian crows peck to death 

 their wounded fellows (Watson). Queen bees murder their 

 rivals, according to Huber, who attributes the procedure to 

 irresistible impulse ; in other words, he considers it as mor- 

 bid. The queen also massacres the royal pupse. Stranger 

 queens are destroyed by sentinel bees. There is a pitiless 

 massacre of drones by workers also among bees (Figuier). 



Infanticide, as in man, is not infrequent in the puerperal 

 female, in which case the cause is pathological. At Katty- 

 mar, in India, there is a particular race or breed of mares 

 called the ' Pirani Taj an,' ' that persistently kill their young 

 by refusing to suckle them,' says Mr. Fernandez, who had 

 charge of the breeding-stables at the station above men- 

 tioned ( c Times of India' newspaper, 1875). But the recently- 

 delivered mother is not the only devourer of her own young ; 

 for the morbid appetite is sometimes exhibited by the male 

 parent for instance, in the wild hog, lion, rabbit, and per- 

 haps the wolf (Low). 



Animals murder each other frequently in the fight, however 

 the latter arises, such combats to the death often resulting 

 from erotic excitement, or from rivalry for the possession of 

 the female. Hence the common occurrence of murder 

 among males, and the natural destruction of the weaker by 

 the more powerful. 



Elephants, horses, asses, dogs, and other animals occa- 

 sionally murder man himself, commit veritable homicide, in 

 revenge or retaliation, in repayment of some well-remembered 

 injury or insult suffered at his hands. 



Animals also frequently mutilate each other in various 

 ways or degrees, causing all manner of disablement. Such 

 mutilations are usually the result of bad temper, of fits of 

 passion, of morbid impulse, or of other forms of moral or 

 mental disorder. 



The elephant, horse and other animals destroy each other's 

 or man's property utterly, or in various degrees, most usually 

 as the outcome of viciousness or of certain forms of mental 

 derangement. Thus the wanton and wholesale destruction 



