162 CEIME AND CRIMINALITY. 



and sagacious animal acted in the employ of a woman, who 

 waited for her canine accomplice in the street some way off. 

 She placed a basket beside herself on the pavement as if 

 fatigued by carrying it ; the dog came sauntering or trotting 

 up with his booty concealed in his muzzle ; he thrust his 

 head beneath the half open lid of the basket as if in search 

 of provender, and safely deposited in the basket what he 

 had carried in his mouth. 



In other large cities, various dogs have assisted their 

 masters or more frequently their mistresses in shop-lifting. 

 Thus a case occurred at Memphis, Tennessee, in 1875, 1 in 

 which a dog co-operated with its mistress, who was tried 

 before, and found guilty in, the Criminal Court there. The 

 animal had been trained to steal foods from stores and to 

 convey them outside to its mistress. ' Much trouble,' we are 

 told, and we do not doubt it, 'had been bestowed on his 

 education by a skilful professional thief. 5 



Animals co-operate also with each other in crime. Thus 

 they make combined or conjoint marauding expeditions, 

 resembling the thievish raids Highland caterans used to 

 make on their English neighbours. 



Such an incident as the following illustrates not only 

 confederacy with each other, but ingenuity in the device of 

 means of effecting their object. Certain Indian crows were 

 most desirous of stealing a bone from a dog, and had al- 

 ready made various futile efforts to possess themselves of it. 

 4 At last, after a distinct consultation, one crow hopped off 

 with dejected mien and then unconcernedly approached the 

 dog from behind. Suddenly it seized him (the dog) by the 

 tail, and the dog at once viciously snapped backwards to 

 avenge the insult. In a moment the crow in front flew off 

 with the bone, followed by its able ally' (' Chambers's 

 Journal'). 



It is not enough, however, to show that many animals 

 commit crimes of the same nature as those of man, and that 

 they do so from similar motives and under similar circum- 

 stances. It must also be shown that other animals, as well 



1 Described in the < Pall Mail Gazette ' of January 20, 1875. 



