PHYSIOGNOMY OF DISEASE. 173 



So numerous and varied are the outward expressions of 

 disease, as faintly sketched in the foregoing catalogue, that 

 it is obviously impossible, in a single chapter, to discuss 

 them seriatim. Nor is this at all necessary or desirable, 

 for two reasons : (1) that many of them have already been 

 referred to in other chapters, particularly those concerning 

 insanity, its symptomatology and etiology, and those on 

 language; ^2) that many others are not of a character 

 falling within the scope of this work to discuss, belonging 

 rather to comparative pathology than to comparative 

 psychology. But it is proper here to make further allusion 

 to some of the varied forms of the language of disease, 

 adding certain general observations of a practical kind. 



The eye frequently betrays the varying shades of mental 

 excitement, whether such excitement occurs in the transient 

 form of anger, passion, rage, or fury, or in the more perma- 

 nent and serious condition of mania. The so-called c fierce- 

 ness ' of eye is frequently, if not always, a bloodshot state, 

 the result of sanguineous engorgement a condition, in other 

 words, of local congestion. Staring, glaring eyeballs or eyes 

 are a frequent indication or concomitant of insanity. But 

 mere rage also is expressed by the glistening or glaring of 

 the eye e.g., in the lizard (Darwin). The dog's eye is not 

 less expressive of disease or pain, mental or bodily, than of 

 pleasurable emotions. Youatt refers to the ' savage ' look 

 of the wretched, ill-used pariah dogs of Eastern cities. 

 Veterinarians speak of the anxious, worried, wild eye or 

 look of the shying horse. The eye of various animals may 

 show melancholy as well as ferocity : it becomes dull, dead, 

 sad. A ' melancholy ' look, the outcome of a corresponding 

 mental feeling, has been described in the dog, ape or monkey, 

 and many other animals. The ( look of despair ' is a pre- 

 cursor sometimes of suicide in the dog, just as it is in man 

 (Cobbe). 



Sympathy with man's sufferings sometimes causes ' sad- 

 ness ' of countenance or look in the dog (Low) a kind of 

 sadness that is begotten perhaps of sadness of thought, as 

 well as of mere emotion. A ' woebegone ' expression of 

 countenance occurs frequently after a carouse, from causes 



