178 PHYSIOGNOMY OF DISEASE. 



or disproportionate (Youatt). Whether indicating merely 

 a passing anger or fury, or from whatever deeper and more 

 permanent cause arising, such habits render a horse useless 

 for cavalry or other purposes of man's (Pierquin). The mere 

 shying of the horse, again, may spring from fear, cowardice, 

 imagination, or delusion, the newness of objects, want of 

 work, playfulness, the memory of ill-usage or accident ; or 

 it may occur in age from defective vision, and thus have an 

 organic cause (Youatt). 



Antics, capers, or other absurdities or peculiarities of 

 behaviour, attitude or action, may result and frequently do 

 so from disease, especially that affecting the brain or its 

 membranes. But they may also arise from 



1. Love, and the desire to please or charm the female in 

 courtship. 



2. The mere buoyant sense of life in the young. 



3. The exhilaration of release from irksome duty, of the 

 feeling of holiday liberty, as in cart or plough horses on 

 Sundays. 



Certain animals give emission to special sounds or noises 

 under nervous excitement, or strong emotion. Thus we have 

 the ' death-agony ' scream. The dog has sometimes par- 

 oxysms of 'hysterical screaming 5 from terror (Cobbe). Its 

 f bark of despair ' has been described as one of the character- 

 istics of rabies. The bawl of excitement that accompanies 

 the furious assault or charge of maddened bullocks in our 

 city streets must be only too familiar. The Chillingham bull 

 bellows its defiance (Aylmer) ; and by bellowing the stag 

 challenges his rival (Darwin). In the moose, ox, and other 

 animals, bellowings are the fruit simply of anger, impatience 

 or annoyance, as well as of rivalry. 



Pain is frequently expressed in other animals, as in man, 

 by yelling. Moaning is an equally common expression of 

 physical suffering and mental grief ; and the same may be 

 said of groaning and other equivalent sounds. Indeed, among 

 the kinds of cries that are most familiar are those, frequently 

 plaintive ones, of bodily pain or mental distress, that are 

 quite as common as those of joy or satisfaction for instance, 

 in birds, such as the rook. Parturition in the hen begets an 



