200 PHYSICAL CAUSES OF 



Under even what appear to be ordinary circumstances, 

 there is occasionally a reversal of the usual sexual mental 

 and moral characteristics, a transposition of the distinctive 

 instincts, habits, dispositions and occupations of the sexes. 

 Thus the female emu is savage, quarrelsome, noisy : it 

 exhibits courage and pugnacity, while the male is docile, 

 gentle and good-tempered. The pugnacity of the female 

 Indian quail is also remarkable (Darwin). The females of 

 one of the Nicaraguan tanagers are bolder than the males 

 (Belt). 



Affection for her young is usually supposed to be strongest 

 in the female, and probably it is so as a rule. But there are 

 decided exceptions in cases in which, for various reasons, 

 the male assumes the duty of nursing; and in such cases 

 paternal solicitude becomes a prominent, because unusual, 

 feature in his character, contrasting remarkably sometimes 

 with maternal apathy. 



The relation of sex to work is, as a rule, recognised 

 throughout the animal kingdom by the animals themselves. 

 It is the male that has to forage for, and defend, both the 

 female and her young, while the female hns the immediate 

 care of their offspring. It is the male that is called upon to 

 do all work requiring superior strength and courage, as well 

 as composure and presence of mind. Thus the male horse 

 the stallion takes all posts of danger and protects the 

 female (Low). It is the duty of the male bird to serenade 

 the female, to cheer or charm her with his song, while it 

 is her prerogative or privilege to accept his loverly or marital 

 attentions (White). 



It is noteworthy that there is an intimate correlation 

 between sexual mental or moral attributes and sexual physical 

 characteristics, equally in other animals and man. This is 

 best illustrated by the result of any operation whereby the 

 sexes are placed as nearly as possible on equal footing : by the 

 removal, that is, of distinctive sexual organs. Hence the 

 operations of castration in certain animals, and of emasculation 

 in certain men, are in their psychical effects most interesting. 



In the horse, for instance, castration removes in great 

 part the physical sexual difference. But it does not do so 



