PRODUCED BY MENTAL CAUSES. 257 



species and genera of animals, including man, with a sense 

 of solitude and desertion. 



2. Vexation or chagrin, however caused. 



3. Other forms of disappointment, such as the sense of 

 disgrace, humiliation, wrong, shame, dishonour or defeat. 



4. Kegret and remorse. 



5. Rivalry and the jealousy therewith connected. 



6. Homesickness or nostalgia. I 



7. Joy or surprise, frequently acting in combinatio^.^ 



8. Sympathy with human misfortune or suffering. 



9. Fear or fright, sometimes causeless. 



Simple fear in the dog of a master's anger has proved 

 fatal, by causing it unnaturally to retain its excretions, the 

 poor animal having probably been severely punished for 

 soiling carpets, and having no proper opportunity of defse- 

 cating (Walsh). Here again is a suggestive illustration of 

 the dire results to man's animal pets, of man's thoughtless- 

 ness; for in such a case there was probably nothing ap- 

 proaching intentional cruelty on the master's part. 



10. Death has even been ascribed to despair at the impos- 

 sibility of taking the benefit of an ' embarras des richesses ' 

 of prey (Eassie). 



These emotions or mental states are influential in pro- 

 portion as they are intense on the one hand, and protracted 

 on the other; in relation, that is, to their quality and duration, 

 while suddenness and unexpectedness of incidence are not 

 less are probably even more powerful attributes. 



In certain cases there is a conjunction of physical with 

 mental or moral causes, for instance in the common case of 

 unrequited or disappointed sexual love, in which mere grati- 

 fication of an imperious physical appetite is involved ; or in 

 that equally common one of captivity, in which the grati- 

 fication of the healthy love of freedom in the form of physical 

 exercise is interfered with. 



Death, gradual or sudden, direct or indirect, from emo- 

 tion more or less intense, occurs in a great variety of animals, 

 and in various stages of their growth, in youth and age, and 

 in both sexes, particularly perhaps the female ; including the 

 following : 



VOL. II. S 



