286 INDIVIDUALITY. 



portaiit diversity that exists in the intellectual power or 

 capacity of bees. Lubbock also gives what he himself calls 

 e interesting illustrations of the individual differences exist- 

 ing between ants, 9 asserting, for instance, 'that there are 

 priests and Levites and good Samaritans among them as 

 among men. ... It is remarkable .... how much indivi- 

 dual ants appear to differ from one another in character.' 



There are in other animals as in man certain tests of 

 individuality certain circumstances that bring into promi- 

 nence the peculiarities of disposition or character of one 

 animal as contrasted with another individual of the same 

 species. These test-circumstances or conditions include the 

 following : 



1. The condition of being placed at lay, involving despe- 

 ration or despair. 



One animal at once perceives the vainness of all efforts 

 or attempts at escape ; it therefore makes none, but quietly 

 resigns itself to its fate. A second is too weak in will or body, 

 or too much paralysed by fear or fright, to be able to resist or 

 escape. A third magnifies the nature or extent of the danger, 

 and it, too, becomes helpless. But in a fourth there is a 

 development of courage and fury, even though the animal 

 be naturally timid ; it makes the most persistent and deter- 

 mined efforts at resistance or escape, however little the 

 chance of success in either. Thus we may have courage or 

 cowardice, fear or fury, submission or resistance, developed 

 at the same time under or by the same circumstances in 

 different members of the same herd, nock, body, or family. 



2. Failure or discomfiture in effort determines a great 

 variety of action, according to temperament and character. 



In one animal there is only stimulation to further effort, a 

 repetition of attempts till success is achieved resolution, 

 courage, perseverance, hope, are developed ; while another is 

 at once and hopelessly depressed, becomes despondent, makes 

 no further effort in the same direction, perhaps even becomes 

 a coward as regards all other extraordinary action, however 

 nearly such action may or might affect its own physical 

 welfare. 



3. Ikreavement, again, produces in one female animal 



