INDIVIDUALITY. 287 



apathy ; in another suicidal melancholia ; in a third renewed 

 energy, exhibited perhaps in a speedy re-mating ; in a fourth 

 the development of kindly vicarious maternal feelings in the 

 practical form of foster-parentage. 



4. Annoyance or irritation. 



One dog shows a silent contempt or indifference under 

 the persistent petty worries to which it is subjected by others 

 that are both literally and figuratively ' curs ; ' while another 

 at once loses temper, resents the annoyance, and angrily 

 punishes the tormentor. Here it is of interest to observe 

 that there is, frequently at least, a correlation of good humour 

 with size of body, the largest dogs being usually those that 

 are most magnanimous and even-tempered, and the smallest 

 those that are figuratively, as well as literally, the most 

 * snappish.' 



5. Education at once distinguishes the clever from the 

 stupid, those that are capable from those incapable of im- 

 provement by instruction. 



6. Disease of all kinds, bodily and mental, such as rabies, 

 distemper, and insanity. 



To morbid conditions, physical or psychical, are undoubt- 

 edly due many of the otherwise unaccountable and singular 

 eccentricities of the lower animals. In many cases these 

 conditions do not manifest themselves at the time by any 

 other outward expression ; but in others there is a consocia- 

 tion of the eccentricity with some marked morbid condition, 

 such as epilepsy. Thus the remarkable behaviour of certain 

 dogs and cats is in all probability due to the same morbid 

 condition of brain or nervous system that in them gives rise 

 also to epileptic c fits.' 



Hitherto we have been speaking of psychical peculiarities 

 of individuals of the same species, of members of the same 

 family, brood, flock, or herd. But it is proper here to note 

 also that there exist correspondingly more marked and 

 equally important mental and moral differences in different 

 species, genera, classes, and orders ; these differences, as a 

 rule, which, however, has striking exceptions, being greater 



1. As we rise in the zoological scale. 



2. In domesticated animals ; and 



