INDIVIDUALITY. 289 



respect gives tliein advantage, or places them at disadvan- 

 tage, in the struggle for life. Thus polyergus rufescens, 

 though smaller than formica sanguined, usually beats it in 

 the fight, because the former understands its fellows more 

 quickly and easily (Forel) ; and hence also certain ant- 

 genera or species are habitual masters, while others are 

 habitual slaves. Kirby and Spence draw a contrast as to 

 temper and temperament between the humble and hive 

 lee. 



Not only, however, do animals possess mental peculiarities 

 of their own, but they recognise them in each other, as well 

 as in man, and take practical advantage or make due use of 

 them. 



Thus as regards the recognition of each others' peculiari- 

 ties, whether mental or bodily, or both, a collie sometimes 

 knows each sheep in a large flock so well that it will ' single 

 out and bring home any particular sheep ' (Wynter). Dogs 

 distinguish friends from foes among other animals as well 

 as among themselves ; they recognise kinsmen or those be- 

 longing to the same community. Ants recognise old com- 

 rades or soldiers of the same army. 



As regards the recognition of human individuality or 

 personality, dogs frequently know not only all the members 

 of a human family, but their names, ranks, and belongings. 

 They distinguish friends from enemies among their masters' 

 visitors, and act accordingly. The horse, too, frequently 

 takes advantage of its rider's timidity, ignorance, inex- 

 perience, inebriety, weakness of will, or other defects of 

 character, which are very speedily discovered by the animal. 



Diversity of mental or moral endowments or aptitudes in 

 different individuals is, or ought to be, the basis of all proper 

 education or training. The kind and amount of education 

 should be adapted to the capacity of the pupil, whether in man 

 or other animals. It is a folly to expect the same results from 

 the same mode of training in different individuals of the 

 same species, or members of the same family, litter, or 

 brood ; and still more, of different species and genera. Thus 

 timid dogs, like timid children, require encouragement, 

 while forward ones demand repression or check; the dull 



VOL. II. U 



