SENSITIVENESS. 295 



(Watson), accompanied usually by self-seclusion, surliness or 

 sulkiiiess, and other changes of character or temper. 



The feeling of shame is expressed under a great variety of 

 circumstances in such animals as the dog and cat, connected 

 with a sense of guilt, of having committed offences against 

 man's commands of one kind or another. Certain highly 

 sensitive animals, specially apt to be pricked by the stings of 

 conscience, may be said to be, just as certain sensitive chil- 

 dren are, ' shamefaced,' showing their shame readily and 

 unmistakably. The cat, for instance, is frequently shame- 

 faced under consciousness of a fault. Failure in the discharge 

 of a duty, self-conviction of a fault, the feeling of being a 

 culprit, all beget, or are at least apt to beget, shame. 



Sense of wrong, injury or injustice, as inflicted especially 

 by man, manifests itself in various ways in working and pet 

 (domestic) animals in those, for instance, that are over- 

 burdened or over-worked. This sense involves what man's 

 drudges feel to be man's naisjudgments, as well as man's 

 ingratitude. 



Many animals especially the dog are susceptible to 

 praise and blame from man : they are cheered or encouraged 

 by the one, disheartened by the other. They are easily 

 annoyed, their feelings are readily hurt if praise is simply 

 withheld when it is looked and longed for. Praise, especially 

 when it can be honestly awarded, is of the utmost consequence 

 in the education or training of the lower animals, and in the 

 encouragement to their peculiar work of those that are man's 

 servants. It may be given in a great variety of ways, by look, 

 word, gesture, as well as by substantial rewards or bribes. 



The love of approbation, the craving for commendation, 

 is as strong in the dog, horse and mule as in the child. 

 They show practically their gratification at man's approval, 

 however that approval may be expressed. It is this love of 

 man's approval or praise, as well as their longing for his 

 affection or attention, that leads pet dogs to seek restitution 

 to man's favour, when, for any reason, they have lost it. 

 They make all efforts to re-ingratiate themselves, and rein- 

 statement causes immediate and visible elation of spirits 

 (Cobbe). 



