GENERAL TREATMENT. 317 



3. Nervousness, in various degrees of intensity. 



4. Unnatural fear, timidity, suspiciousness, with delusions 

 of the senses leading to. shying and bolting. 



5. Mental excitement, frequently amounting to mania, as 

 well as other forms of mental disease. 



6. Rabies, or other forms of nervous disorder. 



7. Stubbornness or obstinacy, resentment, and revenge or 

 retaliation. 



8. Crimes such as theft and murder. 



Many, if not all, of these morbid mental conditions con- 

 stitute what veterinarians term 'vices,' which not only 

 interfere with an animal's usefulness, rendering it unsaleable 

 or depreciating its market value, but too frequently involve 

 the utmost danger to human life. 



Maltreatment of the cow produces not only viciousness of 

 temper, refusal to be milked, including angry kicking over 

 the milk-pails, but it causes loss or vitiation of the milk 

 itself, ruining perhaps both its quality and quantity. Ill- 

 usage of cattle leads to diseases of the flesh as well as of 

 the milk, rendering the animals unsuitable for food, and 

 hence unsaleable, or saleable only for their hides. Inju- 

 dicious usage not necessarily of the nature of intentional 

 cruelty begets fatal murrains and other diseases, epidemic 

 or otherwise, that destroy large numbers of valuable stock. 

 This subject, however, is more fully discussed in other chap- 

 ters : for instance, those which treat of (1) the morbid bodily 

 conditions produced by moral or mental causes; (2) sensi- 

 tiveness ; and (3) the causes of insanity. 



Pierquin ascribes the caprice and malice of apes to 

 captivity and bad usage. Crossness of temper, a fractious, 

 cross-grained state of feeling is sometimes a characteristic of 

 all the horses bred by a particular master (Pierquin). In 

 the dog, utter demoralisation is too frequent a result of man's 

 evil influence, in cases, for instance, where it is taught to 

 steal, smuggle, deceive. The pariah dog of the East, where 

 he is treated as a nuisance and a scavenger, is gloomy, 

 spiritless or broken- spirited, as the result of man's systematic 

 persecution or neglect ; or he is savage and bloodthirsty, with 

 a morbid appetite for human flesh (Poiret and Denon). 



