CURABILITY AND TREATMENT OF ANIMAL INSANITY. 357 



pregnancy and parturition in different species and genera. 

 Such hospitals, or at least homes, are not altogether unknown. 

 We are told, for instance, that ' kennels are often provided in 

 Egypt and Turkey for homeless female dogs, in which they 

 may bring forth and nurture their little ones, and frequently 

 legacies are left by humane persons to provide these necessary 

 refuges, as well as food for them ' ( c Animal World '). 



Even animal reformatories, if not prisons, should not be 

 considered altogether Utopian, when it is remembered how 

 many offences animals commit which need not be committed ; 

 which, in other words, are corrigible by systematic treatment, 

 as they have been produced simply and solely by man's mal- 

 treatment. There are numerous troublesome or dangerous 

 vices of valuable animals, such as the horse and dog, that 

 may be eradicated by patience and perseverance, in alliance 

 with sympathy and kindness. 



Attached to every zoological garden and menagerie also 

 there should be a sanatorium for the sick. But, in point of 

 fact, our zoological gardens and menageries, so far from 

 possessing or being hospitals for the cure of disease, are 

 establishments for its production. Captivity in a limited 

 space, with artificial temperature in many cases, and unna- 

 tural artificial life in all, contribute to the production of a 

 series of disorders, both of mind and body. The insanitary 

 conditions of such establishments include : 



1. Uncleanliness of the cages or dens. 



2. Imperfect aeration or ventilation. 



3. Scarcity of clean running water for bathing. 



4. Want of exercise, or of gymnastics, which would be an 

 artificial substitute. 



5. Overcrowding in a limited area. 



6. Imperfect drainage. 



7. Imperfect or artificial light. 



The scrofula or tubercular disease, so fatal to monkeys 

 in all zoological gardens and menageries, is pre-eminently 

 an artificial product, and perhaps not less so is the paraplegia 

 to which captive carnivora are so liable. 



Among the recommendations made by Miss Buist for 

 the treatment of an invalid cage bird, she suggests that it 



