368 PUNISHMENT BY MAN. 



in the human pupils of our schools, the criminal classes of 

 civilised populations, and certain savage races of man. In 

 such animals, or men, there is a perversion, or a want, of the 

 moral sense, associated with a very low degree of general in- 

 telligence, if in some cases intelligence can be correctly 

 spoken of at all. They are equally unconscious of the 

 criminality of their acts, and indifferent to punishment for 

 their offences. In other words, in such cases, the endeavour 

 to eradicate bad habits, or to develop goodness, is simply 

 useless. 



The will appears to become, or to be ab initio, powerless 

 to resist certain morbid impulses, for instance, to theft, in 

 some monkeys. No punishment, no threats, no consideration 

 of any kind, apparently, will suffice to prevent repetition of 

 the same kind of offence. 



In Eskimo dog teams, the injudicious correction of one 

 by means of the whip leads the whipped animal to worry its 

 neighbour, which in turn vents its anger or annoyance on 

 the next, till the whole team is in a state of uproar, misrule, 

 and unrule; and progress is stopped until rule is re-esta- 

 blished, equanimity and harmony restored. Or, the animals 

 'dodge' to avoid the whip, entangle the traces, and, perhaps, 

 upset the sledge. So that the policy of the human driver, 

 if he has sense and profits by his experience, urges him at 

 length to trust the team to the rule of the dog-leader, and 

 the obedient following of its fellows (Parry). 



In some sensitive dogs, or even breeds of dogs, no 

 severity can be used in training : punishment of any kind 

 renders them broken-spirited, produces inertness 6r apathy. 



Dogs, and other animals sometimes deprecate man's wrath, 

 try to avert expected punishment, by making efforts at con- 

 ciliation or propitiation ; in effect, they make eloquent appeals 

 for mercy. They bring various peace-offerings to a master, and 

 in various other ways express their regret, and their desire to 

 make amends. 



The dog and other animals also occasionally intercede 

 between men, or with man, in order to the prevention of 

 threatened punishment. Thus, a mastiff seized a master's 

 arm to prevent him striking a terrier that had chased a pet 

 cat (Wood). 



