PUNISHMENT BY MAN. 369 



On the other hand, various animals feel and express 

 delight at the punishment by man of other animals that have 

 ill-used or terrified them, or that are their natural enemies. 

 Thus, a man killed an adder that had attacked a robin's 

 nest. The parent bird perched itself on the man's left arm 

 and ' watched, with unmistakable and intense delight, every 

 blow inflicted by his right arm upon her merciless and dis- 

 pirited enemy ' (Wood). 



The forms of punishment inflicted by man on other 

 animals are not very varied. They are divisible into the (1) 

 corporal or physical; and the (2) moral. The former include 

 all kinds of kicks, blows, stripes or lashes. They are only too 

 familiar. But a penalty that is perhaps less familiar, though 

 even more severe and equally common, is the simple with- 

 holding of food, or in other words, starvation. This mode of 

 punishment is common in the training of various animals, 

 such as courier-pigeons, song-birds, sporting dogs, and per- 

 forming animals in general, and it may therefore be designated 

 educational. The crucifixion of lions is, or was at one time, 

 common among the Arabs the object being apparently 

 punitive and deterrent (Pierquin). 



Of the moral forms of punishment, the withholding of 

 this or that coveted privilege, such as access to a room, or 

 accompanying a master in his walks or sports, or the use of 

 sarcasm and rebuke, are sufficient illustrations; and it has 

 been already pointed out, more than once, that punishment of 

 such a character is frequently more efficient in the dog, just 

 as it is in the human child, than any merely corporal chas- 

 tisement. In proportion, moreover, as man's attention is 

 given practically to the moral education of the lower animals, 

 the development and cultivation of their moral nature, moral 

 means of punishment or correction will no doubt take the 

 place of the revolting blows, bruises, kicks, or lashes, which 

 at present create little public surprise, indignation, or pro- 

 test, because man's own moral education is a subject to 

 which he very seldom gives the slightest attention. 



Many animals, such as the dog and cat, have a perfect 

 understanding of the nature and object of penalties or pun- 

 ishments. They know that when they commit some for- 



VOL. II. B B 



