378 SELF-SUBMISSION BY ANIMALS TO 



So far from submission or submissiveness to remedial 

 treatment, so far from voluntarily seeking his professional 

 aid, there is probably a much more frequent violent strug- 

 gling against man's interference however kindly and well- 

 intentioned, however much the animal may stand in need 

 of it, however much such interference may be for its imme- 

 diate or ultimate good. Such resistance to, instead of co- 

 operation with, man arises generally, if not always, from a 

 misunderstanding of man's motive or intention; and this 

 misunderstanding, again, is usually the natural fruit of 

 disease or defect, mental or bodily, including all the forms of 

 stupidity. 



Such misunderstanding is frequently associated with 

 morbid fear of man as an enemy; and man has himself 

 mainly to blame for the creation of such fear, not neces- 

 sarily in the individual animal or by the individual man. 

 If, in resisting animals, surgical or other interference is 

 attempted, the struggles of the protesting animal may be so 

 violent as to be much more dangerous to life than the 

 diseased condition which is the subject or source of the ill- 

 advised attempt. 



Unfortunately, moreover, the same fears or misunder- 

 standing, the same irritability and pugnacity that cause 

 many animals to resist to the utmost all man's efforts for 

 their benefit, when they stand in need of his assistance, 

 lead them to oppose his efforts to benefit their young 

 or their fellows. Thus the mother hippopotamus shows a 

 dangerous ferocity in her refusal of man's aid or attentions 

 to her young. Such unfortunate misunderstandings may 

 lead, not only to refusal of man's aid in any form, but to 

 repayment of his offered and intended kindness by assault. 

 Thus a Turkish cock gave blows with his beak, and so re- 

 sented what he probably regarded as unwarrantable inter- 

 ference with his personal prerogatives. 



There are certain forms of what may be considered medi- 

 cal treatment by man to which dogs or other animals sub- 

 mit themselves most unwillingly. Dogs, for instance, suffer 

 themselves to be victims voluntary in one sense, involuntary 

 in another of certain cruel experiments by man, with the re- 



