146 



MODERN HORSE MANAGEMENT. 



[CHAP. 



as the bot has its head deeply buried in the inner 

 coat of the horse's stomach. 



Prepare horse for one week on iron sulphate 

 1 dr. in feed, morning and night. On day pre- 

 vious give bran mashes, and at night no hay. 

 Early in the morning give the following drench : 



Linseed oil . 



Tr. asafcetida .... 



Ether pure 1J oz., or spirits ether 



Turpentine . . . . .4 



! V pint. 

 1 oz. 

 3 oz. 

 oz. 



Give mashes for the remainder of the day, and 

 on the second day watch the faeces for worms. 

 After three days continue with the iron, and in 

 ten days repeat the above course. 



As a preventive against bots during the 

 autumn and late summer horses should be 

 kept away from pasture. The horse must be 

 examined on the forelegs, etc., for the minute 

 yellow egg that the bot fly lays. If any of these 

 are seen, the leg must be well rubbed every day 

 with paraffin oil 1 part and sweet oil 2 parts. 

 Put this also on the legs and around the mouth, 

 as the bot fly will not settle where this has been 

 put on. 



557. TAPEWORMS (T/ENIA). Withhold all 

 food for twenty-four to thirty-six hours in order 

 to starve the worm, and give turpentine 4 oz., 

 male fern i oz., linseed oil i pt. 



ROUND WORMS (ASCARIS MEGALOCEPHALA) are 

 like an earth-worm in shape, are yellowish-white, 

 stiff, and elastic, six inches to one foot in length, 

 and are generally found in the small intestines. 

 In slight cases no discomfort is felt. In bad 

 cases morbid appetite, diarrhoea, and perhaps 

 colic. 



Give tartar emetic and iron sulphate, of each 

 \ dr., in food three times a day for a week, and 

 give smaller feeds of bran and hay. Then pre- 

 pare for and give drench in Sec. 556. 



PIN WORMS (THREAD WORMS, OXYURIS CUR- 

 VULA) live in the large intestine, therefore treat- 

 ment through the mouth will have very little 

 effect. Are 1 to If in. in length. Tail thin and 

 whip-like. They do little harm ; may cause 

 irritation about the dock and cause horse to rub 

 tail. Yellow eggs may be seen near the tail. 



Give, per rectum, warm water enema of 1 per 

 cent, tobacco or quassia infusion, or turpentine 

 6 oz. and linseed oil gal. Rub a little am- 

 moniated mercury ointment inside the anus. 



STRONGULUS ARMATUS (PALISADE WORM). 

 This worm is found in almost any part of the 

 horse. Commonly lives in the large intestine. 

 Varies from i to 2 in. in length, and is fa in. in 

 diameter, reddish-grey in colour, and straight 

 and stiff. In the adult state it lies in the 

 colon or caecum. It enters the horse as an 

 embryo - 6 1 in. in size, gains admission under the 

 mucous membrane and forms a cyst. It is 

 sometimes found in the liver, testicles, and even 



brain, where it gains its admission through the 

 arteries. These embryos form into an immature 

 worm the size of a small hazel nut. After a 

 period they pass through the arteries into the 

 intestines and form into mature worms ; some 

 pass out and some remain and lay eggs. The 

 symptoms produced by the mature worms are 

 probably nil, unless the worms are very 

 numerous, when there will be colic without any 

 apparent reason, the horse crouching down and 

 getting his hindlegs under him, showing that 

 the pain is far back. The danger of the im- 

 mature worm being present in the arteries is 

 that rupture of the walls may result, and prob- 

 able death due to internal haemorrhage. Enteric 

 apoplexy may result from the intestinal arteries 

 becoming blocked. This is generally fatal. 

 Periodic attacks of colic may be produced by this 

 worm ; an attack may be fatal. The treatment 

 for the palisade worm when situated in the in- 

 testines is the same as for round worms. 



558. The manure of horses suffering from 

 worms must always be thoroughly burnt and 

 never spread in the fields, or the eggs will be 

 eaten by other horses. The eggs of worms hatch 

 only in damp places, so horses should be pas- 

 tured in dry places where there is no suspected 

 worm infection. Always give horses, at pasture 

 and in the stable, a plentiful supply of rock salt. 

 Suspected pastures should be treated in Novem- 

 ber with lime and salt ; they can be used again 

 in four months for feed. It is always advisable 

 to treat horses that have been out to pasture for 

 worms. In the place of asafoetida, mentioned 

 above, \ oz. of carbon disulphide (GS;.) can be 

 given with good result. 



Diseases of Liver, Spleen and Peritoneum 



559. JAUNDICE (ICTERUS or YELLOWS) is the 

 commonest of liver diseases. 



Cause. Inactivity of the liver, or obstruction 

 in the biliary duct, which leads from the liver to 

 the small intestine (duodenum). As the horse has 

 no gall bladder, the bile passes directly into the 

 intestine as it is secreted by the liver. The cause 

 may be anything that induces inflammation of 

 intestines, such as feeding on frozen clover, rich 

 feeding and no exercise. It may result from 

 influenza, strangles, or other debilitating disease. 

 The bile duct may be stuffed up with stones 

 (calculi). 



Symptoms. Mucous membrane of eye and 

 gums is yellow. Urine high colour, coat dry and 

 staring. General dullness, loss of appetite, con- 

 stipation, as a rule, and droppings hard and bad 

 odour, because there is no bile in intestines. 



Treatment. First ascertain if bile duct is 

 stopped or liver is inactive. This may be done 

 by Harley's test, which consists in putting some 

 of the urine into a glass and adding loaf sugar, 

 then adding very slowly i dr. concentrated sul- 

 phuric acid. If there is a scarlet or purple-red 



