xi] ORGANIC, FUNCTIONAL AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES 155 



tagious. Due to cold, exposure, etc., isolated 

 cases. 



CONTAGIOUS PNEUMONIA often appears in an 

 enzootic form, i.e. localised in one stable or 

 district. An epizootic form is sometimes ushered 

 in by pink-eye. 



Symptoms. Dullness, shivering fits gener- 

 ally. High temperature, quick pulse, respirations 

 very fast, up to 50. No pain, unless complicated 

 with pleurisy. Breathing mostly abdominal. 

 Nostrils distended, eyes bloodshot. Full and 

 strong cough, which later becomes small. 

 Mucous membrane of eyes and nostrils con- 

 gested. On sounding the lung, if in the engorge- 

 ment stage, there will be a well-marked, 

 thickened sound, which will disappear when the 

 second or solidified stage is reached, when the 

 sound will be absent in the affected part. If 

 pleurisy present, there is a crackling sound, like 

 the rubbing together of several hairs between the 

 fingers. There may be dropsical swellings on 

 chest, forelegs, abdomen, sheath and hindlegs. 

 The congested or engorged stage of the lungs 

 may last only ten hours, or may, later, become 

 solid from accumulation of blood, and exudate. 

 The fourth stage is the grey stage, when the 

 exudate is absorbed. May appear and disappear 

 in six or fourteen days, if favourable. Depends 

 on extent and area affected. Tapping will reveal 

 a duller sound than usual if the case is bad. 

 Urine generally scanty and high-coloured. Horse 

 generally stands up all the while with forelegs 

 stretched out. 



Treatment. An abundance of fresh air is of 

 the first importance ; a horse will never recover 

 from pneumonia if kept in many of the stables 

 that horses live in. Place in box-stall with door 

 opening to the south ; top half of door should be 

 open day and night. Screens should be placed 

 outside to prevent direct draughts blowing on to 

 the horse. Allow horse to lie down if he wishes. 

 Warm clothing, stable kept at 60 F. by artificial 

 means, and not by excluding fresh air. No 

 draughts. Take chill off water, and give plenty 

 of it. Keep quiet, give friction to legs for ten 

 minutes on each leg twice a day, and bandage 

 with thick flannel. Do not bleed or give purga- 

 tives. Keep bowels loose with enemas of soap 

 and warm water. Feed carrots and turnips 

 (chopped), linseed tea and mashes. If pulse 

 quick, give Fleming's tine, aconite 10 min. twice 

 a day. Give the following 



Strychnine 

 Alcohol . 

 Acetanilin 

 Water 



1J oz. 



t dr. 



3 oz. 



three times a day. 



Make up a large quantity to save trouble. 

 Dissolve acetanilin in alcohol and strychnine in 

 hot water. Give bacterines. (See Sec. 507.) Give 

 turpentine 1 oz. in capsule twice a day. Cease 



this when urine smells of turpentine. Mustard 

 should be put over both sides of chest, and 

 covered with paper, and then with thick 

 blankets ; do this with both sides, even if only 

 one lung is affected. (See Sec. 504.) If pulse 

 improves after a few days, give ammonium car- 

 bonate 1 dr., spirits nitre 1 oz., belladonna F.E. 



1 dr., three times a day. If horse seems hungry, 

 give handful of crushed oats and bran. When 

 patient is convalescent, feed very carefully on 

 tempting and easily digested foods, and give tine, 

 chiretta 4 dr. and quinine sulphate 30 gr. as 

 tonic in feed twice a day. 



608. PLEURISY. Inflammation of the pleura, 

 which surrounds the lungs and lines the inside 

 of the thoracic cavity. 



Cause. Same as pneumonia ; seldom alone, 

 but generally in conjunction with pneumonia. 



Symptoms. Shivering fits may appear first. 

 In early stage crackling sound can be heard if 

 ear is placed against the horse's side behind the 

 shoulder, due to the friction against the pleural 

 sac. High fever, pain rather like colic at first. 

 Great disinclination to move at all. Affected side 

 tender to pressure. Abdominal breathing, horse 

 tries not to move ribs at all. Generally short, 

 dry, painful, suppressed cough. Often grunts on 

 expiring and when made to move. After the 

 worst is over, the crackling sound goes, tempera- 

 ture drops, and pain decreases. If there has 

 been any effusion of serous fluid, the breathing 

 becomes quick, and auscultation will reveal a 

 sound resembling dropping water, and the lower 

 part of the chest, on being tapped with the 

 fingers, will sound dull and full of fluid. The 

 disease runs through four different stages. 



Treatment. Same as pneumonia. Give also 

 opium P. $ dr., cannabis indica F.E. i dr., in a 

 ball. After worst pain is over, give digitalis P. 

 20 gr., pot. nitrate \ dr., and cantharides P. 2 gr., 

 in feed twice a day for a week. 



609. TUBERCULOSIS OF LUNGS. Generally 

 called consumption. Extremely rare in horses. 



Cause. Contagion ; a vegetable micro- 

 organism (tuberculosis bacillus). Neglect. 

 Follows pneumonia and other lung diseases. 



Symptoms. Cough, varied appetite, rapid 

 wasting away. 



Tuberculosis of bowels, spleen, liver, lymph 

 glands and of the bones and almost any gland of 

 the body exists, but is extremely rare, in the 

 horse. The only sure way of diagnosing the 

 existence of tuberculosis is the tuberculin test, 

 discovered by Professor Koch, who also first 

 isolated the T. bacillus, in 1882. 



610. Tuberculin Test. Keep horse quiet. 

 Take temperature every three hours for twelve 

 hours. Inject, at the end of the twelve hours, 



2 cc. tuberculin in front of shoulder under skin, 

 not into the muscle. Commence taking tempera- 

 ture again six hours after injection, and continue 

 every three hours for twelve hours ; 2 F. rise 



