312 



TRANSPORTATION 



They also aid in balancing the plane when it is fly- 

 ing level. Figure 524 shows a modern plane. 



What are some of the achievements of the airplane 

 and the dirigible? In 1906 Santos-Dumont drove an 

 airplane at a speed of twenty-five miles an hour. Ten 

 years later the speed record had been increased to 



RUDDER-) 



fLEVATOR 

 HORIZONTAL STABILIZER 



V RUDDER' 

 AND BRAKE v C? 



YROL STICK 



UFTAIURON 



RUDDER BAR 

 PUSH RIGHT-TURN RI6HT RI&HT AILERON 

 PUSH LEFT-TURN LEF~ 



CONTROL WIPES 



VERTICAL FIN 



CONTROL STICK 

 MOVE RIGHT- RI&HT WING DOWN 

 tWE LEFT -LEFT WING DOWN 

 MOVE FORWARD -NOSE DOWN 

 HOVE BACKWARD-NOSf UP 



RUDDER. 



STABILI7ER SURFACE 



APJOSTAblE FOR DIFFERENT PLANE LOAI 



ELEVATOR 



ELEVATOR 

 FIG. 523. CONTROLLING DEVICES OF AN AIRPLANE 



more than one hundred fifty miles an hour. The long- 

 est intermittent nights on record are those made by 

 four American aviators who circled the globe in 1924 

 and that of Kingsford-Smith between 1928 and 1930. 

 The Atlantic Ocean was first crossed in 1919 when the 

 NC4, a United States Navy plane, made the crossing 

 in intermittent flights. The first non-stop flight across 

 the Atlantic was made by Alcock and Brown in June, 



FIG. 524. MODERN AIRPLANE 



1919. Since these pioneer long-distance flights the 

 achievements of the airplane have continued. The 

 United States has been crossed in less than twelve 

 hours, both poles have been conquered in the air, the 

 Pacific has been crossed, and the Atlantic has been 

 crossed many times. 



Airplanes have proved effective machines of war 

 and have been used successfully for exploring the at- 

 mosphere. The official altitude flight record in an 

 airplane at this time is 43,976 feet held by Flight 

 Lieutenant Uwins of the British Royal Air Force. 



International News Photos 



FIG. 525. HELICOPTER 



The present endurance record for airplanes is held 

 by Jackson and O'Brien, two St. Louis aviators who 

 stayed in the air through frequent refuelings for a 

 period of 647 hours and 28 minutes. 



Santos-Dumont, a Brazilian, applied the gasoline 

 engine to an airship and in 1901 won a prize of 



$20,000 for a twenty-mile 



flight. In July, 1919, a 

 British ship, the R-34, first 

 crossed the Atlantic Ocean 

 to the United States. The 

 westward crossing re- 

 quired four days, while the 

 eastward return was made 

 in three days. On October 

 15, 1928, the Graf Zeppelin 

 flew from Friedrichshafen, 

 Germany, to Lakehurst, 

 New Jersey, in \\\ l /2 hours. 

 This was the first passen- 

 ger-carrying balloon to 

 cross the Atlantic on a 

 scheduled flight. In 1929 

 this same ship carried pas- 

 sengers and freight around 

 the world in twenty-one days. The Graf Zeppelin now 

 makes scheduled flights during each year to South 

 America and to North America. 



What are some of the recent developments in avia- 

 tion? One of the newer developments in air travel 

 is the helicopter. This device is designed to take off 



Courtesy Goodyear 



FIG 526. COUNT ZEPPELIN 



