io8 



In a society where every one, in exchange for 

 intellectual or manual work rendered to the 

 society, will be assured of his daily bread, and 

 thus will be protected from daily anxiety, it 

 is evident that egoism will have far fewer 

 stimulants and opportunities of showing itself 

 than solidarity, sympathy, and altruism. Then 

 this pitiless maxim will cease to be true 

 homo homini lupus which, whether it is 

 avowed or not, poisons so large a portion of 

 our present life. 



I cannot stay longer over these details, and I 

 finish here the examination of this second 

 alleged contradiction between socialism and 

 evolution by recalling that the sociological 

 law which declares that the subsequent phase 

 does not efface the vital and fructifying mani- 

 festations of preceding phases of evolution, 

 gives us a more positive idea of the social 

 organisation in the course of formation than 

 our opponents imagine who always think 

 they have to refute the romantic and senti- 

 mental socialism of the first half of the last 

 century.* 



* That is for example what M. Yves Guyot does in 

 Les Principes de '89, Paris, 1894, when he affirmed in 

 the name of an individualistic psychology that "socialism 

 is restrictive, and individualism expansive." This argu- 

 ment is moreover partially true if it is reversed. 



We shall find a good example in the question of an 

 eight hours' day, on which I point out the remarkable 

 monograph of M. Albertini, La Questions delle otto ore 

 di lavoro, Turin, 1894. 



The vulgar psychology, which is sufficient for M. 

 Guyot, The Tyranny of Socialism, book iii., chap, i., is 

 contented with superficial observations. It declares, for 

 example, that if the workman works for 12 hours he will 

 evidently produce a third more than if he works 8 hours, 

 and that is a reason why industrial capitalism is opposed 



