One idea, however, appears to me still 

 necessary to complete this Marxian theory as 

 I had indicated in the first edition of my book 

 Criminal Sociology. 



We must in fact free this impregnable theory 

 from a species of exclusive dogmatism, which 

 it has assumed in Marx and still more in 

 M. Loria. 



It is very true that every phenomenon, 

 like every institution moral, juridical, or 

 political is only the reverberation of the 

 phenomenon and of the economic conditions 

 at each moment of the physical and historical 

 environment. But in consequence of the law 

 of natural causation, which ensures that every 

 effect is always the resultant of numerous 

 intermingled causes and not of one single 

 cause, and that every effect becomes in its turn 

 a cause of other phenomena, it is necessary to 

 fill out this too rigid form of a true idea. 



Just as all the psychical manifestations of 

 the individual are the resultant of organic 

 conditions (temperament) and of the environ- 

 ment in which he lives, so all the social 

 manifestations moral, juridical, political of 

 a people are the resultant of its organic con- 

 To the general idea of Karl Marx, M. Loria adds a 

 theory on "the occupation of free land," which is the 

 fundamental cause and the technical explanation of the 

 different economic social organisations, a theory which 

 he has amply proved in his Analisi delta Proprietd 

 Capitalistica, Turin, 1892. Strange to say, in this last 

 work M. Loria gives in the first volume the laws of social 

 economy according to his theory, and in the second 

 volume he enumerates the facts which support them 

 thus following a method diametrically opposed to that of 

 experimental science, which first makes the statement 

 of the facts and deduces from them the laws. 



