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the sense which M. Garofalo prefers of "patiently wait- 

 ing until the times are ripe," and till society "organises 

 itself spontaneously in the new economic arrangement," 

 as if science should consist in the Hindu contemplation 

 of the navel, and in academic Platonism which it has 

 done for too long instead of asking of real and daily 

 life the reasons for its existence and the application of 

 its inductions. 



There is the question of method and tactics which 

 distinguishes Utopian socialism from scientific socialism ; 

 the former imagined it could change the economic organ- 

 isation of the world from the top to the bottom by the 

 improvised miracle of a popular insurrection ; the latter, 

 however, declares that the law of evolution is sovereign 

 and consequently that the social revolution can only be 

 the last phase of a previous evolution which will consist 

 through scientific research and propaganda in the 

 realisation of the cry of Marx : Proletarians of all 

 countries, unite I 



There then is the easy enigma explained, which brings 

 it about that socialism, revolutionary in its programme, 

 follows the laws of evolution in its method of realisa- 

 tion, and therefore is so full of life, just as it is substan- 

 tially different from the mystical and violent anarchism 

 that class prejudices and the exigences of a corrupt 

 journalism claim to be only a consequence of socialism, 

 whereas it is its practical negation. 



During several years, whilst defending the positivist 

 school of criminology, I had personal experience of the 

 inevitable phases which a scientific truth must traverse 

 before conquering its " freedom of the city " the con- 

 spiracy of silence ; the attempt to stifle the new idea 

 under ridicule ; then, in consequence of the resistance to 

 these artifices of misoneism, the new ideas are falsified, 

 either by ignorance or to make it easier to combat them ; 

 at last it is partially admitted, and this is the beginning 

 of its final triumph. 



So that, knowing these phases of the natural evolution 

 of every new idea, now that, for the second time, instead 

 of reposing on my first scientific victories, I have wished 

 to fight for a second and more burning heresy, the 

 victory appears to me more certain, since my opponents 

 and my ancient companions in arms renew again the 

 same artifices of miseonist opposition of which I have 

 already ascertained the impotence in a more restricted 

 field of battle, but where the fight was not less lively 

 nor less difficult. 



