RESPIRATION xvii 



causes death by CO poisoning, 315. Causes and prevention of colliery ex- 

 plosions, 316. Composition of pure afterdamp and practical test for CO, 316. 

 Self-contained breathing apparatus for miners, 318. White damp and spon- 

 taneous heating of coal, 319. Smoke from fires and blasting: nitrous fumes, 

 319. Treatment of CO poisoning, 320. Wet-bulb temperature in mines, 321. 

 Effects of dust inhalation in mines, 322. Varying effects of different kinds of 

 dust. Miner's phthisis, 322. Physiology of dust excretion from the lungs, 323. 

 Air of wells. Barometric pressure and dangers of well sinkers, 325. Oxida- 

 tion processes in underground strata, 326. Air of railway tunnels, 326. Air 

 of sewers. Accidental impurities and their dangers, 327. Air of ships, 329. 

 Lung-irritant gas poisoning in warfare, and treatment, 329. 



CHAPTER XII. EFFECTS OF HIGH ATMOSPHERIC 



PRESSURES 334 



Paul Bert's work on the physiological action of barometric pressure, 334. 

 The diver's equipment and the method of using it, 335. The diving bell and the 

 caisson, 336. Tunneling in compressed air, 337. Effects of air pressure on the 

 ears and voice, 338. Effects due to pressure of COz in diving, and their 

 avoidance, 339. Compressed air illness or "caisson disease," 340. Investiga- 

 tions of Paul Bert and others, 341. Medical recompression chambers, 343. 

 Theory of stage decompression and experiments on the subject, 345. Tables for 

 guidance of divers, 350. Treatment of compressed-air illness, 351. Diving 

 operations at a great depth off Honolulu, 351. Management of air locks in 

 tunnels, 353. Paul Bert's experiments on effects of increased oxygen pres- 

 sure, 355. Effects of oxygen in producing pneumonia, 356. 



CHAPTER XIII. EFFECTS OF Low ATMOSPHERIC 



PRESSURES 358 



Occurrence of low atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. "Mountain sickness," 

 358. Summary of Paul Bert's fundamental experiments on the pressure effects 

 of gases, 358. His experiment on man in a steel chamber, 360. Reason why 

 a given lowering of alveolar oxygen pressure has less physiological effect at a 

 low atmospheric pressure than at ordinary atmospheric pressure, 362. Effect 

 of CO;j pressure in diminishing the anoxaemia of a low atmospheric pressure, 

 362. Mosso's "acapnia" theory, 363. Acclimatization to low atmospheric 

 pressures, 364. Effects of high altitudes in increasing the haemoglobin per- 

 centage of the blood, 364. Effect of increased atmospheric pressure in dimin- 

 ishing the haemoglobin percentage, 365. Beneficial effect of increased haemo- 

 globin in anoxaemia, 365. Increased breathing in acclimatized persons, 366. 

 Physiological effect of a mere increase of breathing, 367. The acclimatiza- 

 tion change is a compensation of alkalosis, 369. Alveolar COz pressure in 

 persons acclimatized at various altitudes, 370. Conclusions from the Duke of 

 Abruzzi's Himalayan Expedition, 372. Active secretion of oxygen in the lungs 

 after acclimatization, 373. Relation of physical training to power of oxygen 

 secretion, 373. History of high ascents in balloons, 375. High ascent by 

 Glaisher and Coxwell in 1862, 375. Fatal ascent of the Zenith in 1875, 376. 

 High ascent with use of oxygen in 1901, 378. Experiments of von Schrotter, 

 379. Recent high American aeroplane ascent, 379. Limits of height attainable 

 with use of ordinary oxygen apparatus, 379. Apparatus required for indefinitely 

 great heights, 380. 



