19O9 MILK COMMISSION. 57 



of Health,, inspection of the sources of supply was the recently added feature of 

 the work. The Board of Health issues a license to ''provide milk for the Detroit 

 market/' a license to "sell milk from a wagon," a license to "sell bottled milk from 

 Depot/ 7 and a license to "sell milk as food peddler." Each application is made- 

 on a separate form and each applicant must answer a list of questions as to the 

 location of dairy farm, the health and feeding of cows, whether they have been 

 tested with tuberculin or not, as to how cans, pails and bottles are washed, whether 

 ice is provided that the temperature may not rise above 50 degrees F. The appli- 

 cant must also say whether he agrees to abide by the Milk Ordinance of the city. 

 The license is granted on a certificate from the inspector. 



The city ordinance provides that no milk shall be sold as pure milk if it 

 contains less than 12.5 per cent, solids or 3 per cent, butter fat, or which has been 

 kept at a temperature above 50 degrees. A fee of fifty cents is charged for the li- 

 cense. To the ordinance is attached a set of dairy rules providing for the white- 

 washing of the barns, the cleaning of the cows before milking, as well as other 

 points making for strict cleanliness. Circulars are distributed by the Board on 

 the care of milk in the home and on the hot weather care of infants. 



Early in 1908, two inspectors were appointed to visit the sources of supply. 

 They were veterinarians. After the first year's work, one inspector reported having 

 paid 1,500 visits to 260 farms. Because of being unsanitary, 316 gallons of milk 

 were dumped during the year. There were also 23 farms shut out, but of these 

 twelve were later reinstated on account of having made needed improvements. An 

 outbreak of typhoid fever was traced to the district known as the "Conner's Creek 

 Section," and eight cases were found on the dairy farms of this section. The 

 infection was believed to have been caused by the contaminated water of this creek 

 being used for drinking purposes and for washing the cows. The other inspector 

 visited 408 farms and inspected 4412 cows. Altogether, 128 cows were found to 

 be suffering from disease, including 57 from tuberculosis on a physical examination 

 and 14 on the tuberculin test. Shipment was shopped from several farms until 

 the sanitary arrangements were improved. In the meantime, two inspectors were 

 busy on the dairy premises in the city, and of these 1,468 were visited during the 

 year. Forty-eight dealers were forced out of business. 



Mr. McKinley stated that the inspection at the source of supply, although re- 

 cently inaugurated, was producing beneficial results and would be followed up 

 and extended. 



CHICAGO AND PASTEURIZATION. 



On January 1, 1909, there went into effect in the city of Chicago a new milk 

 ordinance which may be described as both radical and far-reaching. Briefly stated, 

 it provided that for the next five years no milk, cream, cheese or butter shall be sold 

 in the city unless it comes from cows which have been subjected to the tuberculin 

 test and have not reacted, or unless it has been pasteurized according to the stan- 

 dards' adopted by the Health Department. The idea behind the five year clause is 

 that in five years all the cattle furnishing milk to Chicago will have been tuber- 

 culin tested. The ordinance was adopted by the City Council in the summer of 

 1908 as a result of the efforts of Dr. W. A. Evans, Health Commissioner, after a 

 very strenuous controversy, for in this matter Chicago was breaking new ground. 

 There are a few other cities in the United States which demand the tuberculin 

 test, but as far as can be learned Chicago is the only city, and certainly the largest 

 city, to enact compulsory pasteurization as an alternative. 



