ON MOLLUSCA OF THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. 629 



108. In 1860, previously to the commencement of the Californian Geo- 

 ogical Survey, Dr. J. G. Cooper joined a military expedition across the Rocky 



.ountains, under the command of Major Blake, U.S.A. Having forwarded 

 us notes, and specimens to Judge Cooper, they were placed in the hands of 



T. Thomas Bland, of New York. He prepared a " Notice of Land and 

 freshwater Shells, collected by Dr. J. G. Cooper in the Rocky Mountains, &c.," 



hich appears in the 'Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. York,' 1861, pp. 362 et seq. 

 Ve have here the judgment of one of the most distinguished students of 



merican land-shells, whose labours on the tropical forms have accumulated 

 'acts so important in their bearing on the Darwinian controversy *. The fol- 

 owing is an outline of the Report, which is peculiarly valuable for the copious 

 otes on the station and distribution of species : 



o. 



Helix Townsendiana, Lea. " Both slopes of the Bitter Root Mountains, from 

 2200-5600 ft. high. Large var. at the base of the range to 4800 ft. Small 

 var. in dry prairie at junction of Hell-Gate and Bitter Root Rivers; also in 

 Wash. Ter., west of the Coast Mountains. The most wide-spread of the 

 species," J. G. C. ; Puget Sound, Cape Disappointment, teste inland. 



2. Helix Midlani, n.s., Bland. " Under logs and in dry pine-woods : dead, Coeur 

 d'Alene Mission : living, west side of Bitter Root Mountains," J. G. C. j 

 St. Joseph's River, 1st Camp, Oregon, teste Binney. Closely allied to H. Co- 

 lumbiana, Lea, = labiosa, Gld. A beautiful hyaline var. was found under a 

 stone, by the Bitter Root River, 4000 ft, high. 



Helix polygyrella, n.s., Bland. " Moss and dead wood in dampest parts of 

 spruce-forests ; common on the Coeur d'Alene Mountains, especially eastern 

 slope," J. G. C. Entirely unlike any other N. A. species, and having affi- 

 nity with H. polygyrata from Brazil. 



4. Helix Vancouverensis, Lea, = H. concava, Bin. sen. olim, non postea, nee Say ; 

 = H. vellicata, Fbs., certainly ; =H. sportella, Gld., probably. " West side 

 of Coeur d'Alene Mountains, W. T., in forests of Coniferae, such as it in- 

 habits west of the Cascade Range. Between these two ranges, for 200 miles, 

 is a wide plain, quite uninhabitable for snails, on account of drought. This 

 sp. and H. Townsendiana probably travel round it through the northern 

 forests in lat. 49," J. G. C. Also Crescent City, Cal., Newcomb; Oregon 

 City, Whidby's Is., W. T. ; Mus. Bland. Found on the Pacific slope, from 

 Puget Sound to San Diego. 



6. Helix strigosa, Gld. " ^Estivating under pine-logs, on steep slope of shale, 

 containing veins of lime, 4000 ft. high, near Bitter Root River, Rocky Moun- 

 tains," J. G. C. ; Big Horn Mountains, Nebraska ; Rio Piedra, W. New 

 Mexico ; teste Bland. One sp. reached N. York alive, and deposited six 

 young shells. [?May not these have been abnormally hatched in the body 

 of the parent, from the unnatural confinement.] 



6. Helix Cooperi, Binn., jun. " East side of Mullan's Pass, Rocky Mountains, 

 W. T., at an elevation of 5500 ft," J. G. C. ; Black Hills of Nebraska, Dr. 

 V. Hayden ; Big Horn Mountains, Nebraska j west side of Wind River 

 Mountains ; Rio Piedra, W. N. Mexico, teste Bland, Passes bv varieties 

 towards H. ' ~" " - - - - - - 



igosa, Gld. Hayden's shell from Bridger's Pass,Nebr., referred 

 to by Binn., jun., Journ. A. N. S. Phil. 1858, p. 115, as H. solitaria, var., is 

 the young of this species. 



7. Helix solitaria, Say. Both slopes of Coeur d'Alene Mts., 2500 feet high, J. G. C. 



Also Prairie States, teste Bland. 



8. Helix arborea, Say. " Damp bottom lands, along the lower valley of Hell-Gate 



River, 4500 ft. high," J. G. C. Found from Labrador to Texas, and from 

 Florida to Nebraska ; also on the River Chama, N. Mex. ; also Guadaloupe, 

 teste Beau and FerussaCj letter to Say, 1820 j teste Bland. 



* Vide " Geographical Distribution of the Genera and Species of Land Shells of the 

 West Indies, &c.," by Thomas Bland. Reprinted from Ann. LTC. Nat. Hist., vol. vii !New 

 York 1861. 



115 



