AMPHIBIANS. 87 



pelvis of some other animals. No other vertebrate animals in fact, seems to us better fitted to esta- 

 blish the resemblance of the Shoulder and the Hip already pointed out by many physiologists. 



The resemblance is striking to the pelvis of the Chameeleon, of which the ilium is composed of 

 two pieces, like the scapula of Batrachians, suspended from, not articulated to, the vertebral column. 

 The analogy is also sustained between the shoulder of these Reptiles and the os coxae of a young 

 Mammal (figs. 29, 29 bis), where we see that the iliac crest represents the ad-scapulum [supra-scapula] . 

 A small osselet, that I may call the " paracotyleal" (No. 51), answers to the paraglenal [coraco- 

 scapular synchondrosis]. The pubis takes the place of the furcular clavicle [pris-epicoracoids] , 

 the ischium of the coracoid, and the sub-pubic foramen recalls the subclavicular hole of the Frog, 

 or rather of the Toad. As to the acromial, it has no equivalent here. It has only a rudimentary repre- 

 sentation in the Chameeleon, which is the little cartilaginous marsupial that the pubis supports 

 [answering to the omosternum of the Frog] ; but amongst the Monotremes the analogy becomes more 

 striking, when we see their marsupial bone occupy by its base all the superior border of the pubic 

 bone, in the same way that the acromial [prce-coracoid bar] of the Anourous Batrachia covers almost 

 all the anterior border of their clavicle [prce-epicoracoid] . These reflexions could be applied to the 

 Shoulder of the Lizards, if their clavicles [pra-epicoracoids'] were not separated by the Sternum. Our 

 Batrachians, on the contrary, have them united [sometimes partially'], like the pubis of Mammals, and 

 we may still add to these analogies the depth of the glenoid cavity, the form of the humerus closely 

 resembling the femur, aud its union to the shoulder by means of a round ligament. 



This lengthy but most important quotation serves to show the absolute necessity for a most 

 severe histological study of the morphological changes that take place during the development of 

 the skeleton of any and every creature coming under the notice of the anatomist. We have just 

 seen Cuvier disagreeing with Geoffroy, and Duges differing from both. Nearer home things have 

 fared still worse, and the Shoulder-girdle not only keeps its confused nomenclature here, but it is 

 made the subject of a supposed peripatetic morphology, now clinging to the occiput, and anon 

 crawling backwards towards the sacrum. 



If we bear in mind that the Anoura have not the three Shoulder-splints which are so 

 constant in most Lizards and in the Monotremes (namely, the clavicles and interclavicle), that the 

 so-called "anterior sternum" is no part of the Sternum at all, but part of the Shoulder-girdle 

 ("omosternum"), and that the endosteal bone is very independent of the often imperfect bony 

 sheath, we shall be able to see through this cloud of conflicting opinions. Also it may be 

 remarked that the term "furculum" should not be applied to any structure found in the Cold- 

 blooded Classes, for it is an ornithic structure entirely, and is highly complex and meta- 

 morphic. Even the term " clavicle" needs to be used with caution : I mean by it only the main 

 part, such as is seen in the young Mammal before it has united with the terminal cartilages ; 

 in other words, the pure clavicle is a parosteal bar, a subcutaneous bone, quite independent of 

 the endo-skeleton. 



And then as to the " coracoid," it should be held in mind that it is a mere rudiment in 

 most Mammals, the exception being the Monotremes ; and this rudiment answers to part of the 

 "head" of the typically developed bone. Another aphoristic remark may be made; and 

 that is, that one morphological region may be made up of three histological regions namely, 



