572 THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE SEA 



States and the United Provinces. 1 The gunshot limit, however, 

 was specified in a treaty between the United States and 

 Morocco in 1785, which stipulated that if a vessel of either 

 state was engaged with that of another Christian Power within 

 the range of guns of a castle of the other state, it was to be 

 protected and defended ; 2 in a treaty of navigation and com- 

 merce between Great Britain and France in 1786; 3 and in a 

 treaty between France and Russia in 1787. In the latter it 

 was stipulated that in agreement with the principles laid down 

 in the Russian declaration regarding the navigation of neutrals, 

 either Power, if at war, should abstain from attacking the 

 enemy's vessels within cannon range of the coasts of the other 

 Power, or in the ports, harbours, gulfs, and " other waters com- 

 prised under the name of closed waters." 4 Russian activity 

 in the direction indicated was shown by the conclusion of a 

 similar treaty in the same terms with the Two Sicilies a few 

 days later. 5 A little later, in 1803, the range of guns was 

 adopted by Austria as determining the extent of neutral waters, 

 as in the treaties above referred to. 6 



In contrast to the gunshot limit in connection with neutrality, 

 was another which Spain incorporated in a treaty with Tripoli 

 in 1784, by which it was agreed that Tripolitan vessels of war 

 or privateers should not capture ships of their enemy within 



1 Mutual protection was to be afforded " dans leurs ports ou rades, mers internes, 

 passages, rivieres, et aussi loin que leur jurisdiction s'etend en mer." 8th Oct. 

 1782, Art. v. Martens, op. cit., 433. 



2 "A la portee du canon des chateaux de 1'autre." Vide Martens and De Cussy, 

 Rcc., i. 381. 



3 26th Sept. 1786, Art. xli. " Leurs dites Majestes ne souffriront point que sur 

 les cotes, a la porte"e du canon , et dans les ports et rivieres de leur ob&ssance, des 

 navires et des marchandises des sujets de 1'autre soient pris par des vaisseaux de 

 guerre, ou par d'autres qui seront pourvus de patentes de quelque prince, repub- 

 lique, ou ville quelconque," &c. Martens, Jtec., iv. 178. 



4 llth Jan. 1787, Art. xxviii. "... Hors de la portee du canon des cotes de 

 son allie . . . dans les ports, havres, golfes et autres eaux comprises sous le norn 

 d'eaux closes." By Article xx. the salute was abolished. Ibid., 207, 210. The 

 mention of closed waters no doubt referred to the Baltic, which was declared to be 

 a closed sea (une mer fermde), into which the armed vessels of belligerents were to 

 be refused entry, by a decree of the King of Denmark in 1780, and by conventions 

 between Russia and Denmark and Sweden in the same year, and between Russia 

 and the United Provinces and Prussia in the following year. Ibid., iii. 175, 195. 

 219, 250. 



5 17th Jan. 1787, Art. xix. Ibid., iv. 237. 



6 7th August 1803. Martens, Recueil, 2. viii. 105. 



