DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 



DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 



PLATK I : 



Position of the first stomacli (paunch, rumen) on the left side: a, the situation 

 of the rumen; Z>, the spleen or milt resting on it; c, the skin and muscles 

 removed from the ribs to show position of the lungs and their relation to 

 the paunch. 

 PLATE II : 



Fig. 1. Stomach of a full-grown sheep natural size. After Thanhoffer, from R- 

 Mcade Smith's Physiology of Domestic Animals: a, rumen or first stomach; 

 &, reticulum or second stomach ; c, omasum or third stomach ; d, abomasum 

 or fourth stomach; e, oesophagus or gullet opening into first and second 

 stomachs ; /, opening of fourth stomach into small intestine ; g, opening of 

 second stomach into third; h, opening of third stomach into fourth. 

 The lines indicate the course of the food in the stomachs. The incompletely 

 masticated food passes down the oesophagus or gullet into the first and second 

 stomachs, in which a churning motion is kept up, carrying the food from 

 side to side and from stomach to stomach. From the first stomach regurgi- 

 tation takes place that is, the food is returned through the gullet to the 

 month to be more thoroughly masticated or chewed, and this constitutes 

 what is known as " chewing the cud." From the second stomach the food 

 passes into the third, and from the third into the fourth or true stomach, and 

 from there into the intestines. 



Fig. 2. Stomach of ox. After Colin, from R. Meade Smith's Physiology of Domes- 

 tic Animals : , rumen ; 6, reticulum ; c, omasum ; d, abomasnm ; e, oesopha- 

 gus; /, opening of fourth stomach into small intestine. 



Fiirstenberg calculated that in an ox of 1,400 pounds weight the capacity of the 

 stomachs is as follows : 



Per cent. 



Rumen 149.25 quarts, liquid measure 62. 4 



Reticulum 23.77 quarts 10 



Omasum 36.98 quarts 15 



Abomasum 29.05 quarts 12. 6 



According to Coliu Quarts. 



The capacity of a beefs stomach is 266. 81 



Small intestine 69. 74 



Caecum 9. 51 



Colon and rectum 25. 58 



PLATE III: 



Fig. 1. Clinical thermometer, J natural size. This is used to determine the tem- 

 perature of the animal body. The thermometer is passed into the rectum 

 after having been moistened with a little saliva from the mouth, or after 

 having had a little oil or lard rubbed upon it to facilitate its passage. There 

 it is allowed to remain two or three minutes, then withdrawn, and the tem- 

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