DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 61 



PLATE III Continued. 



perature read as in any ordinary thermometer. The clinical thermometer is 

 made self- registering that is, the mercury in the stem remains at the height 

 to which it was forced by the heat of the body until it is shaken back into 

 the bulb by taking hold of the upper portion of the instrument and giving 

 it a short, sharp swing. The normal temperature of cattle varies from 

 100 to 103 F. In young animals it is somewhat higher than in old. 

 The thermometer is a very useful instrument and frequently is the means by 

 which disease is detected before the appearance of any external sign. 



Fig. 2. Simple probaug, used to dislodge foreign bodies like apples, potatoes, 

 eggs, tc., which have become fastened or stuck in the oesophagus or gullet. 



Fig. 3. Grasping or forceps probaug. This instrument, also intended to remove 

 obstructions -from the gullet, has a spring forceps at one end in the place of 

 the cap-like arrangement at the end of the simple probaug. The forceps are 

 closed while the probaug is being introduced; their blades arc regulated by 

 a screw in the handle of the instrument. This probaug is used to grasp and 

 withdraw an article which may have lodged in the gullet and can not be 

 forced into the stomach by use of the simple probang. 



Fig. 4. Wooden gag, used when the probang is to bo passed. The gag is a piece 

 of wood which fits in the animal's mouth; a cord passes over the head to 

 hold it in place. The central opening in the wood is intended for the passage 

 of the probang. 



Figs. 5a and 5&. Trocar and cauula; 5a shows the trocar covered by the cauula; 

 56, the canula from which the trocar has been withdrawn. This instrument 

 is used when the rumen or first stomach becomes distended with gas. The 

 trocar covered by the canula is forced into the rumen, the trocar withdrawn, 

 and the cannla allowed to remain until the gas has escaped. 



Fig. 6. Section at right angles through the abdominal wall, showing a hernia or 

 rupture. Taken from D'Aborval, Diet, de Med., dc Chit: ct de Hyg.: a a, The 

 abdominal muscles cut across; r, opening in the abdominal wall permitting 

 j i, the intestines, to pass through and outward between the abdominal wall 

 and the skin; p p, peritoneum or membrane lining the abdominal cavity 

 carried through the opening o, by the loop of intestine and forming the sac 

 p, the outer walls of which are marked bfb. 

 PLATE IV: 



The liver is composed of innumerable small lobules from -^ to ^ inch in diameter. 

 The lobules arc held together by a .-mall amount of fibrous tissue in which the 

 bile ducts and larger blood vessels are lodged. Fig. 1 of the diagram illus- 

 trates the structure of a lobule : r, r, intcrlobular veins, or the veins between 

 the lobules. There arc branches of the portal vein which carries blood from 

 the stomach and intestines to the liver ; c, c, capillaries, or very fine blood ves- 

 sels, extending a* a very fine network between the groups of liver cells from 

 the interlobiilar vein to the center of the lobule and emptying there injo the 

 intralobular vein to the center of the lobule; r, r, intralobnlar vein, or the 

 vein within tho lobule. This \i -s< 1 passes out of the lobule and there 

 becomes the Hiiblobular vein ; r, , Hiiblobular vein. This joins other similar 

 veins and helps to form the hepatic vein through which the blood leaves the 

 liver; d, d, the position of the liver cells between the meshes of the capil- 

 laries; A, A, branches of the hepatic artery to the Interlobular connective 

 t i !! and the walls of the large veins and large bile ducts. These hraiiche* 



arceen at r. r, and form the vena vncularin; v, r,vi'imvaKcularis; i,i. branches 

 of the hepatic artery entering the substance, of the lobule and connecting 

 with capillaries from the interlobiilar vein. The n.so of the hepatic artery 

 is to nourish the liver while the other vc*weln carry blood to be modified by 

 the liver cells in certain important directions; y, brunches of the bile dm-ln 



