106 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



tion, iii the early stages, rhonchusrale.-. are detected if the larger tubes 

 are affected, and sibilus rales if the smaller tubes are affected. Later 

 on mucous rales are noted, and sometimes all sounds in certain parts 

 are absent, which is due to the plugging up of the tubes. This plug 

 giug of the tubes if extensive enough is sometimes the cause of death, 

 or death may result from extension of the disease to the lungs or pleura. 



Treatment. The animal should be placed in a light, well ventilated 

 box, and the bowels kept in a soft condition by enemas, etc. Avoid 

 violent purgatives. The body should be kept warm by blanketing. In 

 the early stages give three times daily a draft composed as follows: 

 Extract of belladonna, 2 drams 5 solution of acetate of ammonium, 4 

 fluid ounces; water, one-half pint. In the later stage of the disease 

 substitute the following formula, which maybe given twice daily: Car- 

 bonate of ammonium, 3 drams; solution of the hydrochlorate of strych- 

 nine, 2 fluid drams; spirits of nitrous ether, 1 fluid ounce: water, one- 

 half pint. 



In some cases the following is preferable to either of the above, and 

 may be given in a pint of linseed tea every four hours: Spirits aether, 

 nit., H ounces; spirits ammon. arom., 2 ounces; camphor, powdered. 2 

 drams. The food should be light and nutritious. 



Bronchitis is liable to assume a chronic form if not properly treated 

 in the earliest stage. Kemedial treatment is of little value when the 

 disease becomes chronic. 



PLEURISY. 



Pleurisy is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining the chest 

 cavity and enveloping -the lungs. It rarely occurs as an independent 

 disease, but is generally complicated with pneumonia. It may be cir- 

 cumscribed or diffused, unilateral or double. It arises from exposure 

 to cold and wet, as with pneumonia and bronchitis. It occasionally is 

 caused by a penetrating wound. 



Symptoms. In the first stage there is great pain, due to the dry and 

 inflamed surfaces of the pleura rubbing together. This gives rise to 

 the friction murmur. The temperature ranges from 104 to 105 F. 

 The pulse is small, quick, frequent, and hard. The respirations are 

 abdominal, the breath being taken in short jerking inspirations and 

 emitted in long expirations. The cough is sharp, suppressed, and 

 painful. Pressure in the intercostal spaces give rise to pain, the ani- 

 mal flinching and giving a grunt.- The muzzle is dry and hot, the mouth 

 slimy and secretions scant. The symptoms increase in severity as the 

 disease advances, and in the second stage effusions are poured out into 

 the thoracic cavity. The pulse becomes soft and remains frequent and 

 small. The elbows are turned out and the animal has a diagnostic 

 grunt. On percussion a dull sound is observed as high up as the fluid 

 has risen in the chest, and on auscultation there is an absence of all 

 respiratory murmur below this line. 



