DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS 145 



given either ground or boiled. As a bitter, sulphate of quinia one-half 

 dram, and tincture of muriate of iron 2 drams, may be given in a pint 

 of water thrice a day. In some cases one or two teaspoonfuls of oil of 

 turpentine twice daily in milk will act favorably. 



But in this anaemic variety prevention is the great need. The drain- 

 age and cultivation of the dangerous soils is the main object. Until 

 this can be accomplished young and newly-purchased cattle, not yet 

 inured to the poisons, must be kept from the dangerous fields and 

 turned only on those which are already drained naturally or artificially. 

 Further, they should have an abundant ration in which the local pro- 

 duct of grass, hay, etc., is supplemented by grain or other seeds. An- 

 other point to be guarded against is the supply of water that has 

 drained from marshes or impervious soils, rich in organic matter, as 

 such is charged with nitrites, ptomaines, etc., which directly conduce 

 to the disorder. Fence out from all such waters, and supply from living 



springs or deep wells only. 

 i 



ALBUMEN IN THE URINE ALBUMINURIA. 



Ill bloody urine albumen is always present as an important constitu- 

 ent of the blood, and in congested and inflamed kidneys it is present 

 as a part of the inflammatory exudate. Apart from these albumen in 

 the urine represents in different cases a variety of diseased conditions 

 of the kidneys or of distant organs. Among the additional causes of 

 albuminuria may be named : (1) An excess of albumen in the blood 

 (after easy calving with little loss of blood and before the secretion of 

 milk has been established, or in cases of sudden suppression of the 

 secretion of milk); (2) under increase of blood pressure (after deep 

 drinking, after doses of digitalis or broom, after transfusion of blood 

 from one animal to another, or in disease of the heart or lungs causing 

 obstruction to the flow of blood from the veins); (3) after cutting (or 

 disease) of the motor nerves of the vessels going to the kidneys, causing 

 congestion of these organs; (4) violent exertion, hence long drives by 

 road; the same happens with violent muscular spasms as from strychnia 

 poisoning, lockjaw, epilepsy, and convulsions; (.">) in most fevers and 

 extensive inflammations important organs, like the lungs', or liver, the 

 escape of the albumen bring variously attributed to the high tempera- 

 ture of the body and disorder of the nerves, and to resulting congestion 

 and disorder of the secreting cells of the kidneys; (0) in burns and some 

 other congested states of the skin; (7) under the, action of certain poi. 

 sons (strong acids, phosphorus, arsenic, Spanish flies, carbolic acid, ami 

 those inducing bloody urine); (S) in certain conditions of weakness or 

 congestion of the secreting cells of the kidneys, so that they allow this 

 element of the blood to escape; (0) when the food is entirely wanting 

 in common salt, albumen may appear in the urine temporarily after a 

 full meal containing an excess of albumen. It can also be produced 

 experimentally by puncturing the back part of the base <>t 'the hrain 

 J46U7 10 



